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U. S, NAVAL PROVING= GROUND

DAHLGREH, VIRGINIA

REPORT NO. 953

WARHEAD CHARACTERISTICS 5th Partial Report

TERMINAL BALL^TiCS OF ROD-LhKE FRAGMENTS

1st Par.hi a-1 Report

Task Assignment NPG-Re3d-im2-

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> ^*ifc.>j. , NPG REPORT NO* 953

Terminal Ballistics of Rod-Like Fragments at»- «•> .*•» '*»;

1» .•&, program to determine th*s terminal ballistics of red-like fragments was initiated by the Bureau of Ordnance on the basis of calculations and tests which indicated that such fragments might be more effective in producing structural damage to Air- craft than conventional fragments« The aims 6f this program were to achieve controlled firings of single rods» and subse- quentiy to-carry out ballistic tests on representative targets to determine damage under various condition«? of attack«

2« This report covers the development of methods and attendant, instrumentation to project rods in a reproducible fashion and oyer a range of sizes and velocities»

3» As ä result of this work, a background of information has ,b:ee-n acquired regarding the controlled flight of single rods.« Specifically, configurations have been developed that have projected given rods at given velocities from 1500 ft„/aec. to over JiQOQ ft«/sec. fUsing these configurations preliminary structural damage data have been obtained by making Shots against ij&" and 3/Ö5» mild steel and STS plates, and 1/2« 24S-T4 aluminum plates positioned face on and edge on.

A

— INFORMATION 1 , • .i *

*>• •#^

i

CONFIDENTIAL NPG REPORT NO* 953

Terjainai Ballistics of Rod-Like Fragments J«W- -ft» c»

2AJLE OF CONTENTS

SYNOPSIS . .•.« -• • * • • • . • * • • • « • p *

TABLE OF CONTENTS• . » • • . e . • » . ••• • • ..

AUTHORITY, • *•-•• * . *•'

REFERENCES « «.».»..««. .

BACKGROUND , # v ... .. , * . . # .

PERIOD OF TEST •, « • * • . . • . «•> •• » • • • o

REPRESENTATIVES PRESENT ,, ...........

DESCRIPTION OF TEST EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE, •

RESULTS AND- DISCUSSION ............

CONCLUSIONS. •«....•••••. ... . . . .

• * . . . . . •, .

« a • » *• •

•«• • » • .. t>.

1

.2

3

3

4

9

11

APPENDIX, A - REPRESENTATIVE RESULTS « •< • . * .TABLE I 1*2 (Incl) TABLE II 1-2 (Incl). TABLE III 1-6 (Incl) TABLE TV 1-2 (Incl) TABLE V 1 (Only) TABLE VI 1 (Only) TABLE VII 1-6 (incl) TABLE VIII 1-4 (Incl)

• APPENDIX B

APPENDIX G

APPENDIX D

AfPENDIX E

APPENDIX F

INSTRUMENTATION

TARGET PHOTOS

ROD PHOTOS.

........ •

. • . • . . . '. 4 .

• • • • * », '.. •

FIGURES 1-5 (Incl)

. FIGURES 6-25 (IxicI)

4FIGURES 26*3? (Incl)

•- GRAPH ......... ,,. • * . .FIGURE 30

* DISTRIBUTION* .......... . 1-2 (incl)

CONFIDENTIAL SECURITY INFORMATION

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CONFIDENTIAL

Terminfei Ballistics of Rod*

NPG REPORT. NO.» 953

Fragments

PJfcRT.. ,B

INTRODUCTfON

U AUTHORITY*

This test was authorized by references (a), (b), and (6).

2. REFERENCES,:

a» BÜÖRP conf Itr 05124*-Re3d~AM:bc of 29 Jun 1950 , b* Task Assignment No« NPG-Re3d-442-2 of 22 May 1950 C» Task Assignment No,. NPG>Re3d>442*l~5i of 22 Dec 1950 *«- NPG Report; 662, of-10 Qct 1950

3* BACKGROUND?

In aircraft damage tests at the New Mexico School of Mines, the results appeared to indicate that the structural damage eaused by rod~like fragments could be considerably greater than that due to conyehtioh#i fragments» Preliminary studies in warhead design also indicated £hat a rod-expelling configuration might be highly effective« Therefore, in order that the various warhead needs of the .Navy might be considered with regard to this type of fragment, the Bureau of Ordnance requested the JNfayal. Proving Ground to investigate the characteristics of rod-iike fragments and fragment producers to obtain pertinent information required in making type and1 design choices*

The first phase of the program was to be the determination: of methods' for Expelling single rods under controlled conditions, considering such problems as reproducibility of path» orientation ahct velocity« The next phase of the investigation Was to be th& determination of damage to suitable targets, Using weil-controlled single rodt* With a number of configurations giving" standard Yeiocities and trajectories of rods,» the velocity and penetration j|äwö,. limit velocities, and mechanics of rod fragment a are how being d^teruined as a function of initial velocity,, path,, geometry öf the systems, physical properties» and the like for various structure types and materials*

CONFIDENTIAL SECURiTY INFORMATION

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Terminal Ballistics of Rod~Like Fragment's *» «ft «a» «•§. *u «M f» *•» w «a «r few •*»' MB '«a '«•* *•> ' «at, «a» «at ,M <*» *•> .«•» ** *•» •»»> *• Nk «• «• «• iw

4. PERIOD OF TEST:

This report cover» the period from July 1930 tip to April 11?"5l*

5. REPRESENTATIVES PRESENT!

During the period reported upon,.representative teste were witnessed and discussed by Dr. Abraham Miller of tlte Bureau of Ordnance and Dr. !»• F* .Wblanetz of The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory«

PETALS QF:TpST

6. DESCRIPTION OF JTE5T .EQUIPMENT AND PROGEDtJREs

Th© first tests were conducted in order that the nature of rod flight might be deteriainedi9 and utilized methods that set the basic form for the Subsequent work» in them the rod was set tip, horizontally at a convenient height and projected broadside ^y ä layer of explosive backing the rod» As explosive only Composi- tion G«*3 was used« Screens of '3/i6*' cardboard were set Up in defihite positions, and the flight of the rod" was then determined by the rod cuts on the scre©hs and the recovered, fragments*

the first rods were= 1/2« square« 15° long, of carbon steel (AXSX 1G90). The explosive was loaded to depths of 1/4» ah4 i/fc» to the proper density in an aluminum foil channel,» The channel. had such & depth as to accommodate both the rod and explosive. In assembly a 1/2" wide strip of blotting paper was placed in the channel between the rod and the explosive» for the purpose of reducing rod spalling. The whole assembly was tightly held ijögether wi£h paper tape*

.Engineer»« .special... electric blasting caps wore- used in detonating the charge» The method employed was to insert the cap parallel to the rod into a booster charge; piaoed at one mad of the explosive column« Detonations attempted from\ the middle of the column resulted in low order explosions* See Figure 1, Appendix for set UP» and Figure 34» Appendix (D) for recovered rods»

CONFIDiETlAX, SECURITY INFORMATION

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' eONÎDENTiAt. NPG RßPÖRT #0. £53

Terminal Ballistics of Bod-Like Fragments «% « *•> ** •*> -tm '«w - «a*, «ib w o «* few *». a» «* •» «•> «• *• «* «•»••*» «i, £• «*''«•» «*'•«> -•*•-•••'-]Jt «• ,-

For velocity determinations two aluminum foil sandwich contact screen» operating two 100 kilocycle electronic counter chronographs in parallel, Here Substituted for the plain cardboard screens! .Average velocities were calculated by determining the time of flight oy«gp a ten foot base line. Figure 2, Appehdiac (B) shows a schematic diagram of screen details*

This set up was used with little change other than refinements being made and firing configurations being variiedj, the latter so that methods of propelling the rod and flight characteristics Could be investigated« Initially tho rods Here backed with either 1/V* or 1/2" deep by 1/2" w£de columns of explosive, 15* long,- plus a small booster charge at oiie end« By lengthening the column to 20" a 5" booster beyond the rod was obtained which was also increased in thickness for these narrow columns* Detailed data referring to the tests performed make up Table |l to Ta^le VIII in Appendix (A).

Other modifications made in the rod and explosive configuration in an attempt to obtain controlled flight are listed in Table I> Appendix lA)•

These changes resulted in a design which is referred to a& the "free plate rod gun«. In the rod gun the explosive is confined between 1/2" steel top and bottom plates and a 1/2" square backing rod» In one type of set up the rod is backed by the explosive and lies between the two plates« In another the explosive column alone

' is confined between the plates with the, rod outside the plates and between two rods« A diagram of a rod gun is included äs Figure 3* Appendix (B).

One half inch square rods 7" and 15" long, and 3/4" square rods 15" long were shot by means of one or the other of these methods» In all the designs so far treated, detonation was achieved by end initiation and a 5" booster charge«

Despite the success attained in projecting rods, velocity measurements gave inconsistent values» It wag thpug.Jat that outer rod and plate fragments Hefre'causing the screens to trigger erratically« |o solve th^s problem;,, first» more- ductile steel was substituted for rod and plate material since the harder steels seemed to fragment excessively,; CFigure, 35^. Appendix (0))« Secondly,

.& SQSiiact sc'reen, wa.s designed thit w-oüld not be triggered readily except by rods» . This resulted in the grid contact sc.reeh9> where the circuit was closed by the rod coming into contact with neighboring aluminum foil strips?

CONFIDENTIAL SECURITY INFOÄHATtON 5

C • • (V • " CONFIDENTIAL NFG REPORT NO» 9:53

Terminal Ballistic j of Rod-Like Fragments

. However, it appeared that the softer steel solved the frag«- x

mentation problem, and that the flight of ä rod could be controlled, With the l«-l/;2!* explosive depth giving a reproducible velocity,

A change was now made in the velocity screen set up« Two sets of screens (each set With a separate counter) were employed, The distance between the start and stop screens r:f a set was 5* while the charge to screen distances were varied* The two sets could be used either to check one another by being placed; across the same distance or to show velocity change by covering separate base lines.

The exact weight of the explosive loading was now obtained so velocity dependence upon this factor would be better known and so more definite results e/puld be predicted for a given system, 0,06 lb,/in,3 was the usual density for a loading*

Using the rod gun configuration and sandwich contact screens for velocity checking, shooting of rods against steel and aluminum plates was commenced. Seven inch rod» of 3/4" and l/2M square cross section were tried but ^difficulty was encountered in projecting them so that the plates would be hit broadside. Final results showed that end hits predominated. Shots were made against plates of 1/8», 1/4», and 3/8« mil4 steel and STSs and 1/2» ?4S>-T4 aluminum with the plates placed both face on and on edge» Fragments were recovered in a 4 foot by 6 foot by 4 foot sawdust filled box. Plat eis were rigidly supported and velocity screens on a five foot base line were placed before the plates.

After a series öf shots against these plates it became evident that the correct values of rod velocities were not being obtained, Plate damage was greater than that to be expected for the measured velocities. To determine the source of error, shots were made using larger columns of explosive. Velocities did not vary greatly over the range of explosive weights, but varied erratically beyond inaccuracies of geometry* It was first suspected that screen triggering by the blast wave was the cause of these inconsistent values of velocity. Blast shields were utilised but seemed to dp little toward correcting; the observed discrepancies»

in reference (4) velocities measured by the hi£h«speed camera method for rods frpSi ä flat plate cohfigUratipn wero found that could be taken as the basis along with the Gurney formula for further checking. These values are summarised in Appendix(A), Table V, These plates consisted of 6» rods held ih a plywood ' frame' and backed with Composition €?»3, For checking' purposes*


- - (, u • - CONFIDENTIAL t NPG. REPORT NO% 953

Terminal Ballistics of Rod«?Like Fragments •• •• <a»- M|»vMi*iü««iMi mm. mm mm ma, m» mii m» mm . mm mm mm- -«».- -w* -w» «• « «• :«=>- «& «w mm mm

i'hr'ee 7s8 rods held in the same ;siaed plywood frame and backed by k smaller amount of explosiv© corresponding to the reduced rod area were constructed, (Figure kt Appendix (BJ). These were shot under different conditions in t'hat contact screens were used for velocity measurement and the base line was shorter» 1/2« slid 3/4" layers of explosive backed the rods« Felt was placed between the rods and the explosive to prevent spalling in some of the 1/2« layer rounds. Velocities failed to Check with reference (d). (Compare âbiej IV with Tables V and VI, Appendix (A)J.

The results indicated that the inconsistent velocities.we're primarily due to the velocity measuring instrumentation rather than fragment and blast triggering or inaccuracies of loading and geometry. Since the counters and input leads responded accurately to chock tests* it seemed that the sandwich contact screens were responsible for the unsatisfactory performance. Further tests were made to verify this assumption, conducted in a 30' arena with both conitact screens and cameras to measure rod velocities (Figure 5» Appendix (B)).

The result» indicated that the contact screens were not effective or reliable triggering devices. The screen velocities obtained varied erratically and were much lower than the correct values measured by the camera«

One other test was conducted as a final check. Camera, and screens were employed for velocity measurements;. The plats shots Reported in reference (d) were duplicated with more precision being followed in the construction and loading of the charge and plate, and in the velocity measuring scheme. The values measured by the contact screens were definitely incorrect while those obtained with the camera checked with reference (d) and Gumey's formula.

With the problems of rod projection investigated and solved except for the velocity measuring difficulties, attention was primarily directed toward developing ä convenient and accurate method of checking velocities. Two lines of attack were followed; adaption of camera techniques so that film records might be taken at existing laboratory firing facilities, and development of hew screens for counter triggering» - .


comzmmikz NPG REPORT NO». 953 Terminal Baliist ic-s of Rod^Like Fragments

The first ©f these- was accomplished witjh little difficulty» thus enabling the absolute .checking of screen measurements.» For the second, it was necessary that Ä screen be d%signed taking into account the geometry of the rod, as Weil as the de|irability of a sharp, positive triggering action upon rod, contact with the screen» Breakscreens were first investigated, as well as wire*and'»foil contact screens« Neither was satisfactory»

Concurrently with these ä modified type of grid screen was tested« This design turned but to be more accurate and dependable, with the secondary advantage that triggering by blast wave or extraneous fragments' was more difficult, and it Was considered that the screen problem was Solved»

in the grid screen, triggering depends upon electrical contact between two parallel älumihujb foil strips being made through the rod. The first screens of this type had been designed around fragment control specifications« With fragmentation no longer a problem the new factors determining the geometry of the screen were blast effects and the necessity that the rod come into positive contact with a set of triggering strips» The requirements posed by these factors were satisfied by using narrow strips close together and stapled down firmly» Subsequent use indicated that this screen was quite adequate» (See Figure 3, Appendix (B;),)»

From these investigations standard procedures and methods giving reproducible performance evolved» Variations make use of these basic components a**4 involve only slight change or reposi- tioning of the elements»

A description of the standard rod gun and instrumentation followsi The charge consists of a 1/2" thick column of Composi- tion C*3 in a 20" long welded channel of 1/2» steel stock» Various depths (1-1/2" and less) coyer the velocity range from 1000 ft.»/sec» to over 2000 ft »/sec« A l/2« square,, 15" long steel rod is insetted into the channel. Both hardened 1090 and soft 1020 rods, with identifying marks punched oft the surface, have been used. For velocity measurements,, two sets of grid screens are positioned either both before, or one set before and one set after thö target. Conditions determine, the desired distances between screens? target, and charge» Velocities measured by the 16mm. high speed camera method serve as a check on the values measured by the screen method for new rod gun configurations» The path and orientation of the rod may be checked by cuts on velocity Screens or by the

CONFIDENTIAL SECURITY INFFORMATXON 8

{ o • , .CONFIDENTIAL NPG REPORT NO/. 953

Terminal Ballistics of Rod-Like Fragments «•> a ,« a* a» mm •» an «•> arv «•» «• «S, a» •> a». { > •» i aa a» a» a», aa a» «• W a» ,aa a» a» av a» a»

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positioning of additional cardboard. Fragment collection is accomplished by the use of a sawdust fAiled box» Targets are of aluminum and steel, both in plate form and of such shapes and so supported as to represent »truetural members» Shots are made *o as to hit specific portions of the target at various points along the rod» Secondary targets of lighter steel plate are put up as the test demands« '

More specifically, channels With l/2% 3/4" • i"> »»* 1-1/2" depths of Composition C-3 are being shot« Targets have consisted of 1/4», and 3/&* mild steel and STS plates, and i/2" 24S-T4 aluminum plates« Additional terminal ballistics data are obtained by studying the rod fragments collected in the sawdust box after

New configurations are being investigated for obtaining higher velocities« In one such, the rod gun,is set up vertically and surrounded by heavy steel blocks on the back and sides.« In another, shorter rods and shorter and wider explosive columns are to be shot in the welded channel configuration«

1. .RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

The main problems connected with the work reported upon tfe?re determination of the methods of firing a single rod, and1investi« gat ion into the terminal ballistics of a given rod against a given targeto The first may be further resolved into the characteristics of firing * the effect of firing upon the rod;. velocities which, a given system will produce consistently, and the trajectory to be expected« The results obtained serve to isupply information on these .points«

The shots for which velocities were measured by the sandwich contact screen method alone and which therefore, owing to screen failure to trigger properly under the Circumstances encountered» did not give the required data are. listed in Tables I to III, Appendix (A)j together with the characteristics peculiar to them« These representative values show the performance of a given system« but also indicate -thg incphsistencies in velocities for a given j assembly and between different assemblies due to the use of the •] contact screens* Note that the prevailing, velocity is in the ] 1ÖÖ0-15ÖÖ ft./sec« range due to-shock wave or slower fragment j triggering after ^he passage of the rod« j

- • • ' "' • " i CONFIDENTIAL \ SEiÖÜRITf INFORMATION 9 ' I

( . ( * V -

CONFIDENTIAL NPG REPORT NO. 953

Terminal Ballistics of Rod-Like Fragments mm *i* vm *m m* <m <bm m»~ «*• '•*» «• *» «• «••

Target shots are given in more detail With reference to photo*. graphs of places and with the apparent velocity me.asüred whifch may Ise compared with that Of. subsequent, tests* Pictures of these target plates appear in Appendix ,(C) and include Figures 6 to 25«

*Short rod penetration of thsaie plates may be explained by the greater tendency for these rods to revolve horizohtaiiy and thus hit the plate end on* Indications oh the plates and rods show that such hits occurred-jnpst often.» A'3;«b the measured velocities recorded here are below the true velocities and thus give incorrect information concerning limit velocities for broadside penetration of plates« Consequently higher actual Velocities as well as end- on hitting on the plates account for the penetrations observed«,

Following these fhots come the tests concerned with, determining the sources of error in the veic-öity measurement instrument at ion and With their reäöval. Theöe data make up Tables IV to VI in Appendix (A) and overlap with the data obtained in development of new charge configurations, Table VII, Appendix CA).

•The most recent shots reported upibn are the most significant» Reproducible velocities under controlled conditions have been obtained , and may be correlated with the damage data of plates* An empirical!; formula has been suggested as a bastis for calculating the velocities to be expected from a given thickness of explosive in the welded steel rod gun, that is v # 1635 ^1"% where t is the: thickness in inches.. (See Figure £8, Appendix. (&}).

Data have been obtained using these rod guns to- project rods against mild steel, STS, and aluminum plate« The first initial shots are included in this,report and corresponding information is found in Appendix %&), Table VIII, and Appendix (C), Figures 16 to 25. -

Additional remarks concerning Certain tests are included in the appendices) when necessary and complete the discussion and the presentation of the results of this program for the period covered by this report-.*

A report now %n preparation Will cover the more recent phases of this program. An evaluation of the terminal ballistics results will not be attempted here, owing to the preliminary nature of the test's*

CONFIDENTIAL SECURITY INFORMATION 10

( ( ) •

CONFIDENTIAL NP'G REPORT NO«. 955

Terminal Ballistics, of Rod-Like Fragments

FART.D

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0« It is concluded that as a result of this work a background of information has been acquired regarding the controlled flight of single rods» Specifically, configurations have been developed that have projected given rods at given velocities from 1500 ftvkec to over 2000 ft»/sec» Using these configurations preliminary structural damage data have been obtained by making shots a^ 1/4" and 3/8" mild steel and STS plates* and 1/2» 24S-T4 aluminum plates positioned face on and edge on«

CONFIDENTIAL SECURITY INFORMATION 11

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GONFIDENTIAJ. NPG RJEPÖRT NO*

Terminai Ballistics of Rod*-3tiike Fragments

the tests upon «hielt this report is leased were conducted by':/ ?U E« KcGONIJfiLL, Head, Armor & Projectile Physics Pi'visiöft|

Terminal â|:ii'Stics- Department F.» F.. MARK-,, :P'h^B.ic.-is,tj. Experimental Physics Branch,

Terminal Ballistics Department *

This report #as prepared by; • . • .ft. E* McGOfÜSLIi, Head, Armor & Projectile Physics Division

Terminal Ballistics Department F* -F>. :MAftK^'.P-hysifei^t,,- Experimental Physics Branch

Terminal Ballistics Department

This report Was reviewed by? ft* H> lyDDANE» Director of Research^

Terminal Ballistics Department R» T. RtlB£&, Lieutenant Commander, USN,

Terminal Ballistics, Officer Terminal Ballistics Department

C* C» BRAMJBLEj Director of Research, Ordnance Group

APPROVES: IRVING T« DUKE Rear Admiral* ÜSN Commander, Naval Proving Ground

c* $i mmo Captain> USN Ordnance Officer

- - i?y direction

CONFIDENTiAt SECURJft INFORMATION 12

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COWFIEENTIAL NPG REPORT $0» , 953

Ü. S. NAVAL PROVING GROUNtf MH£GRENft VIRGINIA

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ierÄinal Ballistics of Rod-Like Fragnieots

Project No*s NPGWRe3a^442.*i~$2 -Date-: APR 16 1952 Copy No,*.:* 14 No* of Pages: 12 > - -

CQNFIDEN-riAL SECURITY INFORMATION

ü*

C0NF1DENTIAL

Terminal

WG REPORT NO* 953

«Sis of Hod-Like Fragments

1.

2.

5.

6.

Uli,, |#at ö£ F-räiiMinitfy Gharge and Rod ..Modif i e atioftfr iBg£JSMgJ&&ä

Single rod backed b$r l«l/2« Composition C-f» Rod .fr&glnefried.-

Single rod backed by 1-1/4" Composition ÖV3 ail in sheet steel channel* Outside rods on either side d* -ttsn&9&- rod. CoöS flight*

Slotted pipe 1,1« I.D.. 1,8$" O.Pv, l£" .long* cohtaifcing approximately »8 pound Composition Cf-J» 151" rod! in the slot and flush with the outer surface, fcxeeseive fragmentation.

One (1") ineh or l-i/4» thick charge and single 1020 or 1090 stsei rod contained in .020« sheet aiuminum^fehahnel. Confine- ment by i/2" square wooden rods around back of charge and l/2!}

square steel rods around front» Widely varying velocities.

Single pod backed by 1» Composition G-3 all in aluminum cftännel« top and bottom confinement by 2» by 6» by 20*' steel plates, back confinement by 1/2" thickplate filling in remaining space between the 2» plates. Plates and rod fragmented. See; Figure 34» Appehdix (D).

Rods strapped to blocks; of explosive (explosive confinement depended upon). Rods badly broken up. Velocities listed; in Täble tl^..Appendix (A;)*. Recovered fragments included in Figure 35, Appendix (D),

Single rod backed by 1«-1/2M wide block all supported on ' j." piiie backing..

b. Same with 1/2» to 1" thicknesses of explosive and with or Without tetryl boosters.

c. Rod set flush in 1/2" by 1M block of Composition C-3*

?.. Three (3) rods all backed by explosive i.n aluminum channel. '*« width constant at Explosive depth ranging from l/4f? to 2-

1*1/2». Rods marked for determination of trajectories. Outside rods project &t angles to the horizontal, center rod*s flight horizontal with ballistics satisfactory., Confining of charge *>y 3/4" thick pine box investigated. See Table II, Appendix (A) and Figures 35 and 36, Appendix (P).

CONFI0SMIÄL SECURITY INFOliMATtÖN APPENDIX A

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eoNPiÖENilÄL , NPG REPORT NO* 953

* , Terminal Ballistics of Hod-^Like Fragments wm mm m* tm mm mm- -*tm '«• -mm -am mm ~m "mm mm mm tm .mm' mm «•» .mm mm- mm mm mm mm mm 'mm mm mit mk mx- mm- mm

TABLE I .foontlnuedl

8v. Single rod backed by 1/2" thickness of explosive>.|^ft% |!* And 1*1/2s? deep. Confinement top and bottom hf %]%** plate*, . %n the rear by 1/2" rod, . Designated as free plate rod gun» Ffronib edge of top aild bottom plates »palled giving undesirable fragments. See Table II, appendix (A); Figure 32, Appendix (Pi?

JO.NFIDINTXAI, SEGURI?'/ INFORMATION 2 APPENDIX A

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