Objective 3
Membrane Structure
Single cell layer thick
Covered with capillaries
Allows rapid exchange of gases
Objective 4: Lungs/Pleura
Left Lung—two lobesRight lung—three lobesPleura—thin lining on outside between lung and thoracic wall
Boyles Law and Breathing
Boyles Law: Pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume. Inspiration lowers pressure in thorax, air flows inward. Expiration raises pressure, air moves out.
Objective 6: Muscles of InspirationInspiration occurs when the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract.Expiration occurs more passively as these muscles relax and the lungs recoil.
Obj. 7 Partial Vacuum
The intrapleural space (space between lung and wall of chest) always has a more negative pressure than the interpulmonary space (inside lungs).
Obj. 7 Partial Vacuum
The negative pressure must exist at all times to keep the lung in its proper shape and location to prevent lung collapse.
Obj. 8 Pulmonary Ventilation
Friction in airways causes resistance and results in more strenuous breathing.Lung compliance depends on the elasticity of the lungs and chest flexibility.
Obj. 8 Pulmonary Ventilation
Surface tension of alveolar fluid reduces alveoli size and could collapse alveoli.
Obj. 9 Lung Volumes
Tidal volume – normal inhale/exhale amountResidual volume – air that remains in lungs after exhale.
Obj. 9 Lung Volumes
Inspiratory volume – amount that can be forcefully inhaledExpiratory reserve – amount of forced exhale
Today’s Agenda
Revisit Lung Volumes and gross anatomy.QuizComplete Volumes worksheet using summary chart in notes
Notes on objectives 10-13
Obj. 10 Composition of Atmospheric and Alveolar Air
Atomosphere
Alveoli
Oxygen
160 mmHg 104 mmHg
CarbonDioxide
0.3 mmHg 40 mmHg
Obj. 10Oxygen goes into blood @ alveoliOxygen moves from blood into cells at the capillary bed.Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin.Carbon dioxide is most likely transported at bicarbonate ion.
Respiration Unit: Day 6
"The scientific theory I like best is that the rings of Saturn are composed entirely of lost airline luggage." -Mark Russell
Today’s Agenda
Complete Objective NotesPractice matching symptom & disorderHomeostatic Imbalances sheet
Obj. 13
Respiration rates can be effected by emotions, pain, carbon dioxide levels and reflexes.(see separate sheet for notes)
Eupnea = Normal breathingApnea = to stop breathingHyperpnea = excess breathing due to exercise and increased need.
Dyspnea = labored breathing
Disorders ContinuedHypoxia= Chronic Oxygen deficiencyBronchitis = respiratory passageways become clogged by elevated mucus production.COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder resulting from the combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Disorders
TB= tuberculosis-bacterial infection of lungs, airborneEmphysema = bronchiole walls are damaged, difficulty in normal breathing causes barrel chest.Lung cancer = excessive cell division of lung tissues, has been directly tied to smoking.