RESPIRATION B.9

Overview• energy is required for all cellular work• most organisms produce ATP by using energy

stored in the bonds of organic molecules such as carbohydrates (mostly glucose), fats, and proteins

• exothermic process (-ΔG)• most respiration is aerobic (use O2) and some is

anaerobic (does not use O2)

Aerobic Respiration

oxidation of food, such as glucose, to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy (36 ATP)

occurs in three main phases that happen through many gradual reactions

1. Glycolysis

1½. The Link Reaction

2. The Citric Acid (Kreb’s) Cycle

3. ETS (Electron Transport System)

Link Reaction

Anerobic Respiration

respiration carried out in the absence of oxygen

purpose is to oxidize NADH back to NAD+

which is recycled back for glycolysismeaning it keeps glycolysis going and therefore

only makes 2 ATP end products are alcohol or lactic acid two methods…

1. Alcoholic fermentation

common with bacteria and yeast (fungi) the pyruvates from glycolysis are

transformed into ethyl alcohol (toxic to organism)

CO2 is given off

process is energetically wasteful because so much of the free energy of glucose (some 95%) remains in the alcohol (a good fuel)

glucose →energy (ATP) + ethanol + carbon dioxide (CO2)

2. Lactate Fermentation

occurs in bacteria and animal muscle tissue

the pyruvates from glycolysis are converted to lactate (lactic acid)

energetically wasteful because so much free energy remains in the lactic acid molecule

it can also be debilitating because of the drop in pH of overworked muscles

glucose →energy (ATP) + lactic acid

Role of Cu and Fe in electron and oxygen transport (B.9.2)

The electron transport system accepts hydrogen atoms and passes their electrons from one member of the chain to the next

It is a series of redox reactions involving the transport of electrons.

Cytochromes- Oxidizing Enzymes Consisting of a protein ,a porphyrin ring, a copper or iron ion

(Cu2+, Fe2+)

Cyto-chrome Structure

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Cytochromes Contain Cu2+ or Fe3+ ions.

The porphyrin ligand contains 4 nitrogen atoms, each of which donates 2 electrons.

Oxidation StageC6H12O6 + 6H2O 6CO2+24H+ +24e-

Fe 3+ + e- Fe 2+ (Metal ion is reduced)Cu 2+ + e- Cu +

Reduction stageO2 + 4H+ +4e- 2H2O Fe 2+ Fe 3+ + e- (Metal ion is oxidized)Cu + Cu 2+ + e-

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Cytochrome Oxidase

Role of Haemoglobin in Cellular Respiration.

Respiratory pigment that carries oxygen in the blood during respiration

Contains a heme group with an iron atom a its center. Iron atom binds to O2 in lungs

When Hb is oxygenated it appears bright red.

Hb carries O2 through the blood stream to cells in the body.

At high carbon dioxide concentrations as are found at the cell level hemoglobin releases O2 to the cells.

Hemoglobin binds to the carbon dioxide molecules which are then transported back to the lungs where the carbon dioxide is exhaled.

Carbon monoxide (CO) and cyanide (CN-) are poisonous because they form irreversible complex ions with the iron –preventing it from carrying oxygen.

Contains 4 large polypeptide units and 4 Fe atoms each surrounded by a porphyrin ligand. This is the heme (haem) group.