Protozoans 8/8/01

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Protozoans

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Protozoans

ProtozoansProtozoansProtozoans

Protozoans

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Protozoans

PoriferaPorifera

ActinopodaActinopoda

CnidariaCnidaria

ApicomplexaApicomplexa

CiliophoraCiliophora

MolluscaMolluscaAnnelidaAnnelida

EuglenozoaEuglenozoa

BryozoaBryozoa

PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes

RhizopodaRhizopoda

RotiferaRotifera

GranuloreticulosaGranuloreticulosa

NematodaNematodaPriapulidaPriapulidaKinorhynchaKinorhynchaLoriciferaLoricifera

PhoronidaPhoronidaBrachiopodaBrachiopoda

EchinodermataEchinodermata

HemichordataHemichordata

ChelicerataChelicerata

UniramiaUniramia CrustaceaCrustacea

ProtochordataProtochordata

VertebrataVertebrata

Protozoans

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Protozoans

PoriferaPorifera

ActinopodaActinopoda

CnidariaCnidaria

ApicomplexaApicomplexa

CiliophoraCiliophora

MolluscaMollusca

AnnelidaAnnelida

EuglenozoaEuglenozoa

BryozoaBryozoaPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes

RhizopodaRhizopoda

RotiferaRotifera

GranuloreticulosaGranuloreticulosa

NematodaNematoda

PriapulidaPriapulidaKinorhynchaKinorhynchaLoriciferaLoricifera

PhoronidaPhoronidaBrachiopodaBrachiopoda

EchinodermataEchinodermata

HemichordataHemichordata

ChelicerataChelicerata

UniramiaUniramia

CrustaceaCrustacea

ProtochordataProtochordata

VertebrataVertebrata

MyxozoaMyxozoaMyxozoa

ArthropodaArthropodaArthropoda AnnelidaAnnelidaAnnelida

MolluscaMolluscaMollusca

LophophoratesLophophoratesLophophorates

HemichordataHemichordataHemichordata

ChordataChordataChordata

Otherpseudocoelomates

OtherOtherpseudocoelomatespseudocoelomates

NematodaNematodaNematoda

PoriferaPoriferaPorifera

CtenophoraCtenophoraCtenophoraCnidariaCnidariaCnidaria

PlacozoaPlacozoaPlacozoa

PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesNemerteaNemerteaNemertea

CiliophoraCiliophoraCiliophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora

MicrosporaMicrosporaMicrosporaApicomplexaApicomplexaApicomplexa

MesozoaMesozoaMesozoa

EchinodermataEchinodermataEchinodermata

CrustaceaCrustaceaCrustaceaChelicerataChelicerataChelicerata

UniramiaUniramiaUniramia

ProtochordataProtochordataProtochordata

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PoriferaPorifera PlatyhelmithesPlatyhelmithes MolluscaMollusca ArthropodaArthropoda

HemichordataHemichordataCnidariaCnidaria NemerteaNemertea AnnelidaAnnelida

EchinodermataEchinodermataChordataChordataLophophoresLophophores

PseudocoelomatesPseudocoelomates

ProtozoansProtozoans

Protozoans

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Protozoans

Numbers of speciesNumbers of speciesNumbers of species

Echinodermata

Ciliophora

ChordataMollusca

PlatyhelminthesNematoda

PoriferaAnnelida

Other

Apicomplexa

Other protozoans

Arthropoda

Protozoans 8/8/01

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Protozoans

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Protozoans

General considerationsGeneral considerationsGeneral considerations

l Unicellular heterotrophs, a few are colonial

l Cells that are much more complex than normal animal cells

l Characterized by the way they move

l Unicellular heterotrophs, a few are colonial

l Cells that are much more complex than normal animal cells

l Characterized by the way they move

Protozoans

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Protozoans

Surface to volume ratioSurface to volume ratioSurface to volume ratio

Size Surface Area Surface/volume0.5 mm 0.000007854 0000000001636 480,0000.6 mm 0.1256 0.0004189 2992.0 mm 12.57 4.189 35.0 mm 78.53 163.6 0.5

ProtozoansProtozoans are 0.005are 0.005––0.3 mm in size.0.3 mm in size.

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Protozoans

Reynold’s numberReynold’sReynold’s numbernumber

Re plUv=Re plUv=Re plUv=

Re = Reyno ld ’s number

p = Density of f luid

l = Measure of s ize

U = Relat ive velocity

v = Viscosity of the f luid

ReRe = = Reyno ld ’sReyno ld ’s numbernumber

pp = Density of f luid= Density of f luid

ll = Measure of s ize= Measure of s ize

UU = Relat ive velocity= Relat ive velocity

vv = Viscosity of the f luid= Viscosity of the f luid

Inert ial forceInert ial force

Viscous forceViscous force

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Protozoans

Reynold’s numbersReynold’sReynold’s numbersnumbers

Blue whale 108Blue whaleBlue whale 101088

Salmon 10 6SalmonSalmon 1010 66

Human 10 6HumanHuman 1010 66

Diving beetle 10 2Diving beetleDiving beetle 1010 22

Paramecium 10- 3ParameciumParamecium 1010-- 33

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Protozoans

AmoebaAmoebaAmoeba

Waterexpulsion

vesicle

WaterWaterexpulsionexpulsion

vesiclevesicle

EndoplasmEndoplasmEndoplasm

EctoplasmEctoplasmEctoplasm

PseudopodiaPseudopodiaPseudopodia

NucleusNucleusNucleus

FoodVacuoles

FoodFoodVacuolesVacuoles

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Protozoans

Amoeboid locomotionAmoeboid locomotionAmoeboid locomotion

Hyaline capHyaline capHyaline cap

EctoplasmEctoplasmEctoplasm

EndoplasmEndoplasmEndoplasm

Direction of movementDirection of movementDirection of movement

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Protozoans

Pseudopodial typesPseudopodialPseudopodial typestypes

Lobopodia

Filopodia

Reticulopodia

Axopodia

LobopodiaLobopodia

FilopodiaFilopodia

ReticulopodiaReticulopodia

AxopodiaAxopodia

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Protozoans

Pseudopodial typesPseudopodialPseudopodial typestypes

Lobopodia

Filopodia

Reticulopodia

Axopodia

LobopodiaLobopodia

FilopodiaFilopodia

ReticulopodiaReticulopodia

AxopodiaAxopodia

Pylome

Test

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Protozoans

Pseudopodial typesPseudopodialPseudopodial typestypes

Lobopodia

Filopodia

Reticulopodia

Axopodia

LobopodiaLobopodia

FilopodiaFilopodia

ReticulopodiaReticulopodia

AxopodiaAxopodia

Protozoans

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Protozoans

Pseudopodial typesPseudopodialPseudopodial typestypes

Lobopodia

Filopodia

Reticulopodia

Axopodia

LobopodiaLobopodia

FilopodiaFilopodia

ReticulopodiaReticulopodia

AxopodiaAxopodia

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Protozoans

Protozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletons

l Chitin

l Calcium Carbonate

– Foraminifera

l Silica

– Radiolarians

l Chitin

l Calcium Carbonate

– Foraminifera

l Silica

– Radiolarians

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Protozoans

Protozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletons

l Chitin

l Calcium Carbonate

– Foraminifera

l Silica

– Radiolarians

l Chitin

l Calcium Carbonate

– Foraminifera

l Silica

– Radiolarians

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Protozoans

Protozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletons

l Chitin

l Calcium Carbonate

– Foraminifera

l Silica

– Radiolarians

l Chitin

l Calcium Carbonate

– Foraminifera

l Silica

– Radiolarians

Protozoans

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Protozoans

Cilia and flagella9 + 2 OrganizationCilia and flagellaCilia and flagella9 + 2 Organization9 + 2 Organization

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Protozoans

EuglenaEuglenaEuglena

NucleusNucleusNucleus

NucleolusNucleolusNucleolus

Water expulsion vesicleWater expulsion vesicleWater expulsion vesicle

ChloroplastChloroplastChloroplast

Paramylon grainsParamylonParamylon grainsgrains

PelliclePelliclePellicle

Paraflagellar bodyParaflagellarParaflagellar bodybody

EyespotEyespotEyespot

FlagellumFlagellumFlagellum

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Protozoans

TrypanosomesTrypanosomesTrypanosomes

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Protozoans

Compound ciliatureCompound Compound ciliatureciliature

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Protozoans

EuplotesEuplotesEuplotes

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Protozoans

MyonemesMyonemesMyonemes

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Protozoans

PhagocytosisPhagocytosisPhagocytosis

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Protozoans

ParameciumParameciumParameciumFood Vacuo leFood Vacuo le

Water expulsionWater expulsion

vesicle (empty)vesicle (empty)

MicronucleusMicronucleusMacronucleusMacronucleusPelliclePellicle

Oral Groove (Oral Groove (PeristomePeristome))

CytostomeCytostome

CytoproctCytoproct

CytopharynxCytopharynx

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Protozoans

Pellicle structurePellicle structurePellicle structure

AlveolusAlveolusAlveolus

KinetodesmaKinetodesmaKinetodesma

KinetosomeKinetosomeKinetosome

TrichocystTrichocystTrichocyst

CiliumCiliumCilium

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Protozoans

Compound ciliatureCompound Compound ciliatureciliature

Protozoans

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Protozoans

DigestionDigestionDigestion

CytostomeCytostomeCytostome

CytoproctCytoproctCytoproct

Food vacuoleFood vacuoleFood vacuole

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Protozoans

Water expulsion vessicleWater expulsionWater expulsion vessiclevessicle

AmpullaAmpullaAmpulla

FullFul l E m p t yE m p t y

Endoplasmicreticulum

EndoplasmicEndoplasmicreticulumreticulum

Feeder canalFeeder canalFeeder canal

Excretory poreExcretory poreExcretory pore

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Protozoans

ReproductionReproductionReproduction

l Sexual reproduction

– Conjugat ion

l Asexual

– Binary f ission

– Multiple f ission

l Sexual reproduction

– Conjugat ion

l Asexual

– Binary f ission

– Multiple f ission

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Protozoans

VolvoxVolvoxVolvox

SpermSpermSperm

EggEggEgg

ZygoteZygoteZygote

Body cellBody cellBody cell

SpermSpermSperm

ParentParentParent

Daughters

(Sons)

DaughtersDaughters

(Sons)(Sons)

SexualSexual AsexualAsexual

ZygoteZygoteZygote

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Protozoans

ConjugationConjugationConjugationConjugates join atthe oral area and themicronucleus undergoesmeiosis

Conjugates join atConjugates join atthe oral area and thethe oral area and themicronucleus undergoesmicronucleus undergoesmeiosismeiosis

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Protozoans

ConjugationConjugationConjugation4 micronuclei are formed,Macronucleus remains4 micronuclei are formed,4 micronuclei are formed,Macronucleus remainsMacronucleus remains

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Protozoans

ConjugationConjugationConjugationMicronuclei are exchangedMacronucleus remainsMicronuclei are exchangedMicronuclei are exchangedMacronucleus remainsMacronucleus remains

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Protozoans

ConjugationConjugationConjugationTwo macronuclei andmacronucleus disappearTwo macronuclei andTwo macronuclei andmacronucleus disappearmacronucleus disappear

Protozoans

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Protozoans

ConjugationConjugationConjugationSynkaryon forms from thefusion of micronuceli in each conjugant.

SynkaryonSynkaryon forms from theforms from thefusion of fusion of micronuceli micronuceli in in each conjugant.each conjugant.

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Protozoans

ConjugationConjugationConjugationThree mitotic divisionsproduce 8 nuclei Three mitotic divisionsThree mitotic divisionsproduce 8 nuclei produce 8 nuclei

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Protozoans

ConjugationConjugationConjugation

Brusca and Brusca 5.31

4 micronuclei becomemacronuclei, 3 disappear,and remaining becomeMicronucleus.

4 micronuclei become4 micronuclei becomemacronuclei, 3 disappear,macronuclei, 3 disappear,and remaining becomeand remaining becomeMicronucleus.Micronucleus.

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Protozoans

ConjugationConjugationConjugation

Brusca and Brusca 5.31

Mitotic divisions ofmicronuclei and macronucleus

Mitotic divisions ofMitotic divisions ofmicronuclei and micronuclei and macronucleusmacronucleus

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Protozoans

Malaria - humanMalaria Malaria -- humanhuman

SporogonySporogony

SchizogonySchizogony

GametogonyGametogony LiverLiverRBCsRBCs

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Protozoans

Malaria - humanMalaria Malaria -- humanhuman

SporogonySporogony

SchizogonySchizogony

GametogonyGametogony LiverLiverRBCsRBCs

Sporozoites migrate tothe salivary glands

Mosquito's salivainfects human

Oocysts beneathstomach lining

Male gamete

Female gamete

Ingestion ofgametocytes

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Protozoans

Malaria - humanMalaria Malaria -- humanhuman

SporogonySporogony

SchizogonySchizogony

GametogonyGametogonyLiverLiverRBCsRBCs

Sporozoitesenter liver cells

Schizont

Trophozoite

Ingestion ofgametocytes

Macrogametocyte

Microgametocyte

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Protozoans

Colonial protozoansColonialColonial protozoansprotozoans

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Protozoans

Colonial choanoflagellateColonialColonial choanoflagellatechoanoflagellate

Flage l lumFlage l lum

Collar ofCol lar of Microvil l iMicrovil l i