Content• India• Location• History
– Ancient time (!")– Important dynasty (#$%&')
• Struggle for Independence (()*+)• Present India (,-.%/0)
– States– Religions (12)– Languages (34)– Festivals (56)– Places of Interest (-789:)
Ancient Civilization (!";<)
• North China civilization (=>;<)
• Egyptian (?@A;<)
• Mesopotamian (BCDE7F;<)
• Indus Valley Civilization (!"#$%)
(Indian Subcontinent)
Stone Age 70,000–3300 BCE
• Mehrgarh Culture • 7000–3300 BCE
Indus Valley Civilization 3300–1700 BCE
Late Harappan Culture 1700–1300 BCE
Vedic period 1500–500 BCE
Iron Age 1200–300 BCE
• Maha Janapadas • 700–300 BCE
• Magadha Empire • 545 BCE - 550
• Maurya Empire • 321–184 BCE
Middle Kingdoms 250 BCE–1279 CE
• Chola Empire • 250 BCE–1070 CE
• Satavahana • 230 BCE–220 CE
• Kushan Empire • 60–240 CE
• Gupta Empire • 280–550 CE
• Pala Empire • 750–1174 CE
• Chalukya Dynasty • 543–753 CE
• Rashtrakuta • 753–982 CE
• Pala Empire • 750–1174 CE
• Chalukya Dynasty • 543–753 CE
• Rashtrakuta • 753–982 CE
• Western Chalukya Empire • 973–1189 CE
• Hoysala Empire 1040–1346
• Kakatiya Empire 1083–1323
Islamic Sultanates 1206–1596
• Delhi Sultanate • 1206–1526
• Deccan Sultanates • 1490–1596
Ahom Kingdom 1228–1826
Vijayanagara Empire 1336–1646
Mughal Empire 1526–1858
Maratha Empire 1674–1818
Sikh Confederacy 1716–1799
Sikh Empire 1801–1849
British East India Company 1757–1858
British Raj 1858–1947
Modern India 1947–present
History of Indian Subcontinent
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• Vedic period 1500–500 BCE (HIJ")
• Origin of Hinduism –KL2.MN%“HI” O%PQRJ"
• World oldest religion– Philosophical
– cultural traditions
Indus Valley Civilization(3300!BCE)_!"#$%
Brahma Shiva Vishnu
Creator Destroyer of evil Maintain
Temple carving at
Hoysaleswara
temple, Mysore
Hinduism - God is Supreme power
Hinduism is a religion with a vast nameof Gods and Goddesses- Lord Ram,Krishna, Shiv etc.
Hinduism _KL2
• Vedas
• Upanishads
• Epics _/0%2"STJ– Ramayana_UVWX (Story of Lord Ram)
– Mahabharata (Story of Great war heldat Kurukshetra V>YUE)
Hinduism _KL2
Sanskrit
RamayanaLakshman Ram Sita
Hanuman
Story of Rama, whose wifeSita is abducted by thedemon king of Lanka, Ravana
Mahabharata (Story of Great war held atKurukshetra V>YUE -1.8 million words)
Kauravas Pandava (5 brothers)
Kuru dynasty
• Spiritual teachings of Veda– Sams!ra (Worldly-The continuing cycle
of birth, life, death and rebirth)
– Dharma (ethics/duties)
– Karma (action and subsequent reaction)-
– Moksha (Salvation- liberation fromsamsara), and the various Yogas (pathsor practices).
Bhagavad Gita
Robert Oppenheimer, American physicistand director of the Manhattan Project
• Learned Sanskrit in 1933 and read theBhagavad Gita in the original
• Upon witnessing the world's first nucleartest in 1945, he quoted
"Now I am become Death, the"Now I am become Death, thedestroyer of worlds"destroyer of worlds"
based on verse 32 from Chapter 11 ofthe Bhagavad Gita.
• Worship idols at home or temples _@?X%TZ[S%\0>\
• Visit holy shrines _ ]^_%TZ%`;>\
• Practice meditation & yoga <ab%$O%cd>\
Hinduism is a diverse system ofthought with beliefsKL2.%efg%hi>9%`j
Religions of world originatedfrom India_/0[S%kl_%12m
1. Hinduism (1500 -500 BCE)_KL2
2. Buddhism (530 – 483 BCE)_n2
3. Jainism (599 - 527 BCE)_ o?X2
4. Sikhism (15 century)_Jp2
Gautam Buddha _qr
• Siddhartha Gautama (563 BCE-483 BCE)
• Born in Pali _Pali sl
• Married at the age of 16 years _16t[%uv
• Spent 29 years as a Prince in Kapilavastu _29wxy%zN[S{%wFS%!|g%}~f
– Never saw suffering
The Great Renunciation_��%l�.%J�
• Left Palace at the age of 29– Old man
– Dead body
– BirthBirth
Life
Death
Suffering_!"
Desire _#$,#%
The Bodhi Tree at theMahabodhi Temple, BodhGaya, Bihar.
Pipal tree-��cX�
The Great Enlightenment_��f
Four Noble Truths -fundamental Buddhist teachings
• suffering
• arising of suffering
• end of suffering
• the way leading to the end ofsuffering
Ashok the Great_FCp%&'
• Maurya Dynasty_V��F&'
• Born in Patiliputra (Patna)
• 200 years after Buddha period
• Ruled from 273 BC to 232 BC
• Ashok means ‘without sorrow’ inSanskrit_Ashok . �: “!|?%�I”
304 BC-232 BC
• Cruel King
• Battle (war) at Kalinga (Orissa)– Burnt houses & deaths
• Buddhism after the battle of Kalinga
Ashok
• Released prisoners
• Non violence
• Protected wildlife
• Promoted the concept ofvegetarianism
Buddhism_n2.%��
• Propagation of Buddhism across Asia –Korea, Japan, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand…
• Built thousands of Stupas and places forBuddhists followers
Buddhism …..spread
Other religions of India_/0.%I�12m
• Islam came to India in the early 7thcentury with Arab traders & othermuslims _&'() (7*+)
Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857)
• 1526-1530 Babur
• 1530–1556 Humayun
• 1556–1605 Akbar
• 1605–1627 Jahangir
• 1628–1658 Shah Jahan
• !1659–1707 Aurangzeb
• Later Emperors = 1707-1857
Akbar –The great emperor( an architect, artist, construction worker,
engineer, inventor, animal trainer )
• Involved Hindus in government
• Removed tax from Hindus
• Protected Hindu temples
• Nine jewels in Akbar’s court
Discover : Europe To India_/0.%k�
Christopher Columbus(August 1451 – May 20, 1506) Italian navigator1451�%8 %?¡�F¢£O%p��¤%¥¦§�[%.¨%k�
USA
Red Indians_ &'()*+, -.
Trade- Cotton, silk, spices, tea�¯%- °, hp,±]²,³
• Dutch & Portuguese company ´µ�¶,D©ª·%.%¸T
• East India Company (British Company)entered in 1600 ¹º»¼¼�%+/0¸T– Expanded, Control trade & military
expansion till 19 century
• First War of Independence in 1857– Lost the battle
British Government -Controleverything & military
_½¾%¿Ày%J"
• 90 years more….
• Struggle for Independence started..– People from religions, regions unite
– Non violence Movement by MohandasKaramchand Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(2 Oct 1869 - 30 Jan 1948)
ÁÂ
• Born in Gujarat
• Studied Law at UniversityCollege London (1888)
• South Africa in 1893– Faced discrimination
– Worked for civil rights
– Jailed
– Returned back to India (1897)1931 (62 years)
Gandhi organized people- ÁÂ.%��
• Independence of India_/0()
• Farmers & laborers against tax_t�/>
• Liberation of women_Q^/è`
Gandhi- many facets
• Practiced non-violence & truthin all situations
• Freedom fighter, Politicalleader
• Spititual leader- PracticeHinduism (read Bhagvad Gita,Bible, Buddhiusm, Kuran)
• Visionary• Lived on vegetarian diet• Took fast (no food) for social
protest Weaving own cloth - ‘Khadi’
Albert Einstein, great physicist- on Gandhi upon his deathGandhi upon his death
“Generations to come willscarce believe that such aone as this walked theearth in flesh and blood.”
Independence from British- 15 August 1947 (())
• After long struggle bymillions of people & nonviolence movement
• Partition into India &Pakistan
Independence day 15 August
National Festivals (holidays)
• Independence day-15 August
• Republic of India-26 January 1950
• Gandhi-’Father of the Nation’ &
2 October celebrated Gandhi Birthday
!United Nations declare 2 October as International day of Non-
Violence (from 2007)
India
• Jammu & Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh &Uttarkhand – cold
• Northern states includingDelhi– hot (~2 °C to 44 °C)
• Southern states near sea –moderate (18 °C to 35 °C)
Cities•Delhi•Mumbai (Bombay)•Chennai (Madras)•Kolkata (Calcutta)•Bangalore
• Delhi- Capital (NationalCapital Territory ofDelhi)
• 28 States -each statehas capital city
7500 km
Origin of languages34.%\Z
•Sanskrit –ancient language
Hindi English
• Hindi as National language _XÅÆ%: KL4
• English
• 21 other 22 official languages_ÇÈ4: ½4
•Dravid language
Ashoka Chakra (Wheel of Dharma )
Lion Capital of Ashoka-top of Ashok Pillar,Sarnath Museum(Banaras)
Currency : Rupees
People_¾À.%É^
• Hinduism (80%)
• Islam (15%)- (2nd largest populationof world)
• Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism (3%)
• Christianity, Judaism, Parsis (2%)
Festivals_56
• Diwali• Holi• Rakhi• Buddha Birthday
• etc…..
• Guru Nanak B’day Sikhs• Mahavir Jyanti Jains• Id Muslims• Christmas Christians
Hindus, Jains, Sikhs
Banaras (Varanasi )_YUXJ
• Oldest continually inhabited cities in theworld _FË%ÌÍÎ%0J
• Religious city _12�%0J– Ganga river- holy river_ ÏyÐÑ(^�Ò*)
– Origin of Buddhism_ n2.%ÓZy
– Ramayana epic written in Hindi_UVWXOPQR:
Problems_/0.%;6Ô
• Large Population(1 billion _ÕÖ%/É×0– 2nd largest populated country of the world
_tØ[S%LÙÚ�%/É×0O%Õf– Shortage of resources_3456
• Education _2Û;6• Increase agriculture productivity_Ü�.ÝO