SS6H1a.b.SS6H1a.b.SS6H2a.SS6H2a.

Latin AmericaLatin America

Standard:Standard:

SS6H1: b. SS6H1: b. Explain the impact of the Explain the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Latin Columbian Exchange on Latin America and Europe America and Europe in terms of the in terms of the decline of the indigenous population, decline of the indigenous population, agricultural change, and the agricultural change, and the introduction of the horse. introduction of the horse.

Before 1492Two very different ecosystems

Two different disease pools

Two sets of flora and fauna

Two sets of culturally

diverse peoples

http://www.history.com/topics/aztecs/videos#the-aztecs

“...all the trees were as different from ours as day from night, and so the fruits, the herbage, the rocks, and all things.”

-- Christopher Columbus

Two biological ecosystems interchanged to create a new world ecology.

According to historian Alfred Crosby, the exchange of plants, animals and pathogens between the two hemispheres was biologically “the most spectacular thing that has ever happened to humans," and he coined the phenomenon the Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange.

An Exchange of Pathogens An Exchange of Pathogens

The smallpox virus

• In Mexico alone, the native population fell from roughly 30 In Mexico alone, the native population fell from roughly 30 million in 1519 to only 3 million in 1568.million in 1519 to only 3 million in 1568.

The greatest impact of the The greatest impact of the Columbian Exchange was the Columbian Exchange was the

exchange of different food crops.exchange of different food crops.Sweet Potatos

CassavaPotatosPotatos

The Exchange of Plants and AnimalsThe Exchange of Plants and AnimalsOriginally from the Western HemisphereOriginally from the Western Hemisphere PotatoPotato Maize (corn)Maize (corn) Manioc (cassava, tapioca)Manioc (cassava, tapioca) Sweet potatoSweet potato TomatoTomato Cacao (chocolate)Cacao (chocolate) SquashSquash Chili peppers Chili peppers PumpkinPumpkin PapayaPapaya GuavaGuava TobaccoTobacco AvocadoAvocado PineapplePineapple Beans (most varieties, including Beans (most varieties, including

phaseolus vulgaris)phaseolus vulgaris) PeanutsPeanuts Certain cottonsCertain cottons RubberRubber TurkeysTurkeys

Originally from the Eastern Originally from the Eastern HemisphereHemisphere

SugarSugar Olive oilOlive oil Various grains (Wheat, rice, rye, Various grains (Wheat, rice, rye,

barley, oats)barley, oats) GrapesGrapes CoffeeCoffee HorsesHorses CattleCattle PigsPigs GoatsGoats SheepSheep ChickensChickens Various fruit trees (pear, apple, Various fruit trees (pear, apple,

peach, orange, lemon, peach, orange, lemon, pomegranate, fig, banana) pomegranate, fig, banana)

Chick peas Chick peas Melons Melons RadishesRadishes A wide variety of weeds and A wide variety of weeds and

grassesgrasses CauliflowerCauliflower CabbageCabbage

The Columbian The Columbian ExchangeExchange

Imagine Italian food without tomatoes, Mexican food with no rice and bean dish, the Irish without potatoes, chocolate without sugar.

Standard:Standard:

SS6H1: a. SS6H1: a. The student will describe the The student will describe the encounterencounter (an unexpected or casual (an unexpected or casual meeting with someone or something)meeting with someone or something)

and and consequencesconsequences of the conflict of the conflict between the between the SpanishSpanish and the Aztecs and the Aztecs and Incas and Incas AND the roles of Cortez, AND the roles of Cortez, Montezuma, Montezuma, Pizarro and Atahualpa.Pizarro and Atahualpa.

Introduction to the AztecsIntroduction to the Aztecs

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Hernan CortesHernan Cortes Spanish Spanish conquistadorconquistador- In - In

15191519, the Governor of , the Governor of Spain hired Cortes to Spain hired Cortes to lead an lead an expeditionexpedition into into Mexico.Mexico.

He took He took 600600 men, 16 men, 16 horseshorses, and 14 , and 14 cannonscannons with him into Mexico.with him into Mexico.

Cortes was concerned Cortes was concerned that some of his men that some of his men would be frightened by would be frightened by the Aztec.the Aztec.

To make sure that no one To make sure that no one tried to tried to escapeescape back to back to home, Cortes had all the home, Cortes had all the ships ships destroyed.destroyed.

Success or Death were Success or Death were their only optionstheir only options

Cortes Meets the AztecsCortes Meets the Aztecs

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Cortes in MexicoCortes in Mexico Cortes trained his men for several months Cortes trained his men for several months He made friends with nearby He made friends with nearby IndiansIndians who did not like who did not like the Aztecthe AztecHe began to hear more He began to hear more rumorsrumors that there were Indians, that there were Indians, the the AztecsAztecs, who lived further inland that had a , who lived further inland that had a lotlot of of goldgold. . By the time he marched on the Aztec By the time he marched on the Aztec

capital city of capital city of TenochtitlanTenochtitlan, he had , he had

over 1,500 fighters. Over over 1,500 fighters. Over 1,0001,000 were were

native people who wanted to fight native people who wanted to fight

the Aztec.the Aztec.

The ruler of the Aztec at this time The ruler of the Aztec at this time was was Montezuma II.Montezuma II.

Under his rule, the Aztecs Under his rule, the Aztecs controlled the area around their controlled the area around their capital city of capital city of TenochtitlanTenochtitlan, ,

now now Mexico City.Mexico City. Their borders stretched from the Their borders stretched from the

Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico to theto the Pacific Pacific Ocean.Ocean.

They controlled lands as far They controlled lands as far south as present-day south as present-day GuatemalaGuatemala..

Cortes meets the AztecsCortes meets the Aztecs

Cortez used an interpreter who had once been an Aztec slave and spoke their language.

Cortes and the AztecsCortes and the Aztecs The Aztecs had also heard The Aztecs had also heard

rumors – how these men were rumors – how these men were light skinned and had strange light skinned and had strange animalsanimals and and weaponsweapons..

Montezuma II thought that Montezuma II thought that CortesCortes was the was the godgod, , Quetzalcoatl, who was fair Quetzalcoatl, who was fair skinned and had promised to skinned and had promised to return one day. So he gave him return one day. So he gave him goldgold and allowed him to and allowed him to enterenter the great city of the great city of TenochtitlanTenochtitlan..

While they were there, the Spanish tried to While they were there, the Spanish tried to convertconvert the the Aztecs to Aztecs to ChristianityChristianity because they were so offended by because they were so offended by their religion.their religion.

Even though they were greatly Even though they were greatly outnumberedoutnumbered, Cortes , Cortes had had horseshorses and and betterbetter weapons and weapons and armorarmor. He captured . He captured Montezuma IIMontezuma II and tried to and tried to rulerule through him. Cortes through him. Cortes believed that he couldbelieved that he could control control the Aztec by keeping their the Aztec by keeping their leader hostage.leader hostage.

They seized the Aztec They seized the Aztec goldgold and destroyed their and destroyed their templestemples..

Cortes seizes the Emperor Cortes seizes the Emperor

A fight had broken out between Cortes’ men and the A fight had broken out between Cortes’ men and the Aztec while Cortes was away.Aztec while Cortes was away.

When Cortes returned, battles had to be fought to win When Cortes returned, battles had to be fought to win back Tenochtitlan.back Tenochtitlan.

In 1521, Cortes led a military In 1521, Cortes led a military victoryvictory over the Aztec over the Aztec From this time forward, the From this time forward, the SpanishSpanish sent more troops sent more troops

and settlers to Mexico.and settlers to Mexico.

““Invisible Warrior”Invisible Warrior” Another reason the Spanish were so Another reason the Spanish were so

successful in defeating the Aztecs: thesuccessful in defeating the Aztecs: the invisible invisible warriorwarrior. The Spanish brought with . The Spanish brought with them them diseasesdiseases that the Aztecs did not have that the Aztecs did not have immunity for: immunity for: smallpoxsmallpox and and influenzainfluenza were were two of the two of the deadliestdeadliest..

End of the Aztec EmpireEnd of the Aztec Empire MontezumaMontezuma was killed in was killed in 15201520. Most believe he . Most believe he

was killed by his own was killed by his own peoplepeople when he tried to when he tried to stop a stop a rebellionrebellion..

In 1521, the In 1521, the SpanishSpanish blocked traffic to and from blocked traffic to and from the city and then burned the city and then burned TenochtitlanTenochtitlan to the to the ground and later built a new city, ground and later built a new city, MexicoMexico CityCity, , on the same site.on the same site.

CortesCortes became very wealthy and famous. In 1540 became very wealthy and famous. In 1540 he returned to he returned to SpainSpain . .

Let’s Let’s SummarizeSummarize

Time Period

Location

Leaders Aztec Ruler Spanish Conquistador

Result of ConflictHow did this change things?

Conflict # 1: Aztec Empire v. Spain

1519-15211519-1521Southern Mexican Plateau Southern Mexican Plateau

(Near modern Mexico City)(Near modern Mexico City)

Montezuma IIMontezuma II Hernan CortesHernan Cortes-The Spanish are victorious-The Spanish are victorious

-They have superior weapons & use the neighbors of the -They have superior weapons & use the neighbors of the Aztecs as alliesAztecs as allies

-Montezuma II is Killed-Montezuma II is Killed

The Spanish claimed Mexico as a part of their Empire & used it’s The Spanish claimed Mexico as a part of their Empire & used it’s resources to gain wealthresources to gain wealth

The people of the region developed Spanish Culture traits The people of the region developed Spanish Culture traits (Language-Spanish & Religion- Catholic)(Language-Spanish & Religion- Catholic)

Spain ruled the area for the next 300 years.Spain ruled the area for the next 300 years.

Exit TicketExit Ticket

How did Hernan Cortes impact Latin America?

Warm-UpWarm-Up

Share your response from yesterday’s exit Share your response from yesterday’s exit

ticket.ticket.

Watch video clip: Watch video clip:

http://www.history.com/topics/aztecs/videos#the-aztecs

(1:20)(1:20)

Standard:Standard:

SS6H1: a. The student will describe the encounter (an unexpected or casual meeting with someone or something)

and consequences of the conflict between the Spanish and the Aztecs and Incas AND the roles of Cortez, Montezuma, Pizarro and Atahualpa.

Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro Pizarro was born in Spain in Pizarro was born in Spain in

1475.1475. He was a pig farmer as a boy.He was a pig farmer as a boy. As a young man he joined a As a young man he joined a

ship traveling for the New ship traveling for the New World.World.

In 1502, at the age of 27, he landed on the In 1502, at the age of 27, he landed on the island of Hispaniola. island of Hispaniola.

He learned a lot about exploration and He learned a lot about exploration and conquering the native people.conquering the native people.

He traveled with Vasco Nunez de Balboa He traveled with Vasco Nunez de Balboa on his famous exploration on his famous exploration

of of Central AmericaCentral America in in

which Europeans first which Europeans first

sighted the sighted the Pacific Ocean.Pacific Ocean.

In 1523, Pizarro led a voyage to explore the west coast of South In 1523, Pizarro led a voyage to explore the west coast of South America, south of Panama.America, south of Panama.

He came across some Indian traders who told of a rich country He came across some Indian traders who told of a rich country to the south.to the south.

He learned that these people were the Inca and that they lived in He learned that these people were the Inca and that they lived in the the

area of what is now Peru.area of what is now Peru. Over the next few years, Over the next few years,

Pizarro went back to SpainPizarro went back to Spain

to get permission to invadeto get permission to invade

and conquer the Incas.and conquer the Incas.

The Spanish king gave The Spanish king gave Pizarro permission to take Pizarro permission to take the Inca land and claim it the Inca land and claim it as part of as part of Spain.Spain.

He made Pizarro viceroy He made Pizarro viceroy ((governorgovernor) over the lands ) over the lands stretching six hundred stretching six hundred miles south from Panama. miles south from Panama.

The king also gave Pizarro three ships, about two The king also gave Pizarro three ships, about two hundred men, and three dozen horses to make his hundred men, and three dozen horses to make his plan work. plan work.

Pizarro began his mission in Pizarro began his mission in 15311531

Introduction to the IncasIntroduction to the Incas

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AtahualpaAtahualpa was the last was the last ruler of the Inca empireruler of the Inca empire He had just gained He had just gained control of the empire control of the empire from his from his brotherbrother when when Pizarro showed up. Pizarro showed up.

Inca land stretched Inca land stretched 2,000 miles along the2,000 miles along the PacificPacific Coast of South Coast of South AmericaAmerica

Atahulapa was considered to almost be a God.Atahulapa was considered to almost be a God. Each day, he was given new clothes to wear, Each day, he was given new clothes to wear,

never wearing the same clothes more than once.never wearing the same clothes more than once. Even the walls of his palace were gold and silver.Even the walls of his palace were gold and silver. He wore gold jewelry and ate from gold plates He wore gold jewelry and ate from gold plates

and cups.and cups. He was carried by servants from place to place He was carried by servants from place to place

on a special chair.on a special chair.

How did the Spanish win?How did the Spanish win?

Let’s watch and see…Let’s watch and see…

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(4:39)(4:39)

Sneak Attack!!Sneak Attack!! Pizarro arranged a meeting Pizarro arranged a meeting

between him and between him and AtahualpaAtahualpa in 1531.in 1531.

The two did The two did notnot trust each trust each other.other.

Pizarro had men hiding in Pizarro had men hiding in buildings around the Incan buildings around the Incan town. He was up to town. He was up to nono good. good.

WHAT DO YOU THINK THE WHAT DO YOU THINK THE SPANIARDS HAD HIDDEN WITH SPANIARDS HAD HIDDEN WITH THEM THAT HELPED THEM WIN?THEM THAT HELPED THEM WIN?

Remember the Colombian Remember the Colombian Exchange:Exchange:

The Spanish had four main advantages:The Spanish had four main advantages:

Guns Cannons Horses

What do you think this did to the population ?What do you think this did to the population ?

How could this have been an advantage to the Spaniards? How could this have been an advantage to the Spaniards?

But worst of all the invisible weapon: But worst of all the invisible weapon: DiseasesDiseases

Atahualpa arrived with Atahualpa arrived with thousands thousands of men.of men.

But………But………

Sneak AttackSneak Attack

Atahualpa walked Atahualpa walked into a trap.into a trap.

When Atahualpa When Atahualpa came out, the Spanish came out, the Spanish began shooting their began shooting their cannons and guns, cannons and guns, which were unknown which were unknown to the Inca.to the Inca.

The Inca were The Inca were scared of them and scared of them and terrified of the horses terrified of the horses the Spanish rode . the Spanish rode . This gave the Spanish This gave the Spanish the advantage.the advantage.

Sneak AttackSneak Attack

Once the Spanish took Atahualpa captive the Incas had Once the Spanish took Atahualpa captive the Incas had nono leader and they could not fight well.leader and they could not fight well.

They thought Atahualpa was a They thought Atahualpa was a god god and could not believe and could not believe that he was defeated.that he was defeated.

Pizarro demanded Pizarro demanded gold gold for his return.for his return. The Inca brought 24 tons of The Inca brought 24 tons of gold gold andand silver silver in exchange for the life in exchange for the life

of Atahualpaof Atahualpa The gold and silver were melted into bars, and most were sent back The gold and silver were melted into bars, and most were sent back

to to SpainSpain for the king for the king However, Atahualpa was not However, Atahualpa was not releasedreleased

Not Playing FairNot Playing Fair

Atahualpa wasAtahualpa was executed executed on on August 29, 1533 by Pizarro August 29, 1533 by Pizarro and his men.and his men.

Atahualpa’s deathAtahualpa’s death ended ended the the empire of the Inca.empire of the Inca.

Even though some warriors Even though some warriors still fought, the empire was still fought, the empire was gonegone because it had no because it had no recognizable leaderrecognizable leader

Not Playing FairNot Playing Fair

The Spanish The Spanish settlements in settlements in PeruPeru began to growbegan to grow

GoldGold and and silversilver continued to be taken continued to be taken from the Inca and from the Inca and shipped back to Spainshipped back to Spain

Pizarro grew Pizarro grew wealthywealthy

He founded the city of He founded the city of LimaLima and built a palace there and built a palace there Some of the other Spanish leaders were jealous of Some of the other Spanish leaders were jealous of

Pizarro’s Pizarro’s wealth wealth They tried to take over his palace in They tried to take over his palace in 15411541 Pizarro was Pizarro was killedkilled in the attack in the attack• For nearly For nearly 300 years300 years, the Spanish ruled the lands , the Spanish ruled the lands

once held by the Incaonce held by the Inca

End of the Incan EmpireEnd of the Incan Empire After Atahualpa’s After Atahualpa’s

deathdeath, the Spanish , the Spanish continued to continued to conquer the conquer the IncanIncan Empire. Empire.

The use of better The use of better weaponsweapons, , armorarmor, , horseshorses, and , and diseasedisease again allowed the again allowed the Spanish to have an Spanish to have an easy easy victoryvictory..

Time Period

Location

Leaders Inca Ruler Spanish Conquistador

Result of Conflict

How did this change things?

Conflict # 2: Inca Empire vs. Spain

1531-15331531-1533Andes Mts./Pacific Coast of South AmericaAndes Mts./Pacific Coast of South America

Parts of: Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, & ArgentinaParts of: Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, & Argentina

AtahualpaAtahualpa Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro

The Spanish are victoriousThe Spanish are victoriousThey have superior weapons; deceive Inca leadershipThey have superior weapons; deceive Inca leadership

Atahualpa is killedAtahualpa is killed

The Spanish claimed Western S. America as a part of their Empire The Spanish claimed Western S. America as a part of their Empire & used it’s resources to gain wealth& used it’s resources to gain wealth

The people of the region developed Spanish Culture traits The people of the region developed Spanish Culture traits (Language-Spanish & Religion- Catholic)(Language-Spanish & Religion- Catholic)

Spain ruled the are for the next 300 years.Spain ruled the are for the next 300 years.

SS6H2 The student will explain the development of Latin America and the Caribbean from European colonies to independent nations. a. Describe the influence of African slavery on the development of the Americas.

Slavery in Latin Slavery in Latin AmericaAmerica

• Shortage of labor in Americas Shortage of labor in Americas led to beginning of Atlantic slave led to beginning of Atlantic slave trade.trade.

• Farmers and plantation owners Farmers and plantation owners first used Native Americans, first used Native Americans, however European diseases and however European diseases and warfare killed millions of Native warfare killed millions of Native Americans.Americans.

• Workers were still needed on Workers were still needed on sugar, tobacco, and other types sugar, tobacco, and other types of plantations which brought of plantations which brought about the Africa slave trade in about the Africa slave trade in the Americas.the Americas.

Slavery in Latin Slavery in Latin AmericaAmerica

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Slavery in Latin Slavery in Latin AmericaAmerica

Between the 1500s Between the 1500s and the 1800s and the 1800s millions of Africans millions of Africans were captured, were captured, shipped across the shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the sold as slaves in the Americas.Americas.

10 to 20 Million 10 to 20 Million EnslavedEnslaved

Brazil Brazil 4 - 10 million4 - 10 million

Spanish EmpireSpanish Empire 2 - 5 million2 - 5 million

Caribbean Caribbean 3 – 6 million3 – 6 million

North AmericaNorth America .5 – 1 million.5 – 1 million

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

Triangular tradeTriangular trade is a is a historical term historical term indicating trade among indicating trade among three ports or regions, three ports or regions, in the shape of a in the shape of a triangle. triangle.

(Europe, Africa, and the (Europe, Africa, and the Americas)Americas)

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

First leg of triangle, ships First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods carrying European goods to Africa to be to Africa to be exchanged for slaves.exchanged for slaves.

Second leg, Middle Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Passage, brought Africans to Americas to Africans to Americas to be sold.be sold.

Third leg carried Third leg carried American products to American products to Europe.Europe.

Europe

Manufactured goods (beads,

cloth, guns)

Africa

slaves

The Americas

Cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses, rum

Triangular Trade Route

Let’s Review

1. Which of the following events occurred as a result of European exploration of the Americas in the 1400s and the

1500s? A. the discovery and use of the Northwest Passage to Asia

B. the invention of the astrolabe, which improved navigation. C. the destruction of the Aztec and Incan civilizations D. the discovery that only the Atlantic Ocean separated Asia from Europe

1. Which of the following events occurred as a result of European exploration of the Americas in the 1400s and the 1500s? A.the discovery and use of the Northwest Passage to Asia

B. the invention of the astrolabe, which improved navigation. C. the destruction of the Aztec and Incan civilizations D. the discovery that only the Atlantic Ocean separated Asia from Europe

2. In the 1500s, the Incan civilization was conquered by Spanish soldiers led by

A.Ferdinand Magellan.

B. Francisco Pizarro.

C. Montezuma.

D. Vasco da Gama.

2. In the 1500s, the Incan civilization was conquered by Spanish soldiers led by

A.Ferdinand Magellan.

B. Francisco Pizarro.

C. Montezuma.

D. Vasco da Gama.

3. In the 1500s the Aztec Empire in Central America was conquered by Spanish soldiers led by

A.James Cook.

B. Montezuma.

C. Hernando Cortés.

D. Christopher Columbus.

3. In the 1500s the Aztec Empire in Central America was conquered by Spanish soldiers led by

A. James Cook.

B. Montezuma.

C. Hernando Cortés.

D. Christopher Columbus.

4. Part of the Columbian Exchange between Europe and the Americas included the

A.movement of many indigenous Americans to Europe.

B. movement of goods on shipping routes across the Pacific.

C. introduction of new crops to Europe and the Americas.

D. introduction of mass production and factory buildings to the Americas.

4. Part of the Columbian Exchange between Europe and the Americas included the

A.movement of many indigenous Americans to Europe.

B. movement of goods on shipping routes across the Pacific.

C. introduction of new crops to Europe and the C. introduction of new crops to Europe and the Americas.Americas.

D. introduction of mass production and factory buildings to the Americas.

5. Cortes and Pizarro were able to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas because

A. the Native Central Americans were peaceful and refused to fight the Spanish soldiers.

A. B. the Aztec navy was quickly defeated by the superior Spanish Armada.

C. the Aztecs and Incas were at war with each other, making them weaker. D. European diseases killed many Native Central Americans who might have fought the Spanish.

5. Cortes and Pizarro were able to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas because

A. the Native Central Americans were peaceful and refused to fight the Spanish soldiers.

A. B. the Aztec navy was quickly defeated by the superior Spanish Armada.

C. the Aztecs and Incas were at war with each other, making them weaker. D. European diseases killed many Native Central D. European diseases killed many Native Central Americans who might have fought the Spanish.Americans who might have fought the Spanish.

6. One impact of the African Slave Trade included A. further blending of ethnic groups in Latin

America

B. more opportunities for Africans to own land C. less shipping between continents.

D. Africans brought their French and English languages to Latin America.

6. One impact of the African Slave Trade included A.A. further blending of ethnic groups in Latin further blending of ethnic groups in Latin

AmericaAmerica

B. more opportunities for Africans to own land C. less shipping between continents.

D. Africans brought their French and English languages to Latin America.

7. The African slave trade grew because European nations wanted the captured Africans

A.to work in the new factories.

B. to replace the labor of the serfs.

C. to work on the plantations in their colonies.

D. to increase the number of soldiers in their armies.

7. The African slave trade grew because European nations wanted the captured Africans

A.to work in the new factories.

B. to replace the labor of the serfs.

C. to work on the plantations in their colonies.C. to work on the plantations in their colonies.

D. to increase the number of soldiers in their armies.