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EARTHQUAKEV.RAMALINGAM
ENV.EDN.CELL
STATE TRAINING CENTRE
DIRECTORATE OF SCHOOLEDUCATION
PONDICHERRY
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WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE?
A sudden slipping or movement
of a portion of the Earth’s crust,
caused by a sudden release of
stresses, usually less than 25
miles below the surface.
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Terror
Fear
Panic
Distress
Worry
Anguish
Desperatio
Horror
Misery
Pain
Grief
Sadness
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The understanding of the world in the 18th century
was different from today …
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Depth and Temperature
Structure of the Earth
Depth Temperature
Mantle 2900 Km 870°C
Outer core 5150 Km 4400-6100°C
Inner core 6400 Km 7000°C
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The Earth is a dynamic or constantly changing
planet. The thin, fragile plates slide very slowly
on the mantle's upper layer. This sliding of theplates is caused by the mantle's convection
currents slowly turning over and over. This
overturn is like a conveyor belt that moves the
plates of the crust.
These plates are in constant motion causing
earthquakes, mountain building, volcanism,
the production of "new" crust and the
destruction of "old" crust. The following
cards will teach you more about the Earth's
plates.
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What’s a Fault?
A fault is a break in the rock that makes up
the Earth’s crust.
The surfaces on either side of the break
move past each other, becoming
displaced.
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Types of Faults
Dip Slips
Change in vertical direction (up and down).
Normal Fault
Thrust Fault
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Types of Faults
Strike SlipsChange in horizontal direction (side to
side).
Left-lateral
Right-lateral
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AnAn earthquake is a sudden, rapid earthquake is a sudden, rapid
shaking of the Earth caused by theshaking of the Earth caused by therelease of energy stored in rocks.release of energy stored in rocks.
This energy can be built up and stored for This energy can be built up and stored for many years and then released in secondsmany years and then released in seconds
or minutes.or minutes.
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The plates are locked together, unable to
release the accumulating energy. When
the accumulated energy grows strong
enough, the plates break free causing theground to shake. Most earthquakes occur
at the boundaries where the plates meet;
however, some earthquakes occur in themiddle of plates.
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Earthquakes strike suddenly, without
warning.
Earthquakes can occur at any time of the
year and at any time of the day or night.
On a yearly basis, 70 to 75 damaging
earthquakes occur throughout the world.
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Ground shaking from
earthquakes can collapsebuildings and bridges; disrupt
gas, electric, and phone service;
and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash
floods, fires, and huge,
destructive ocean waves
(tsunamis).
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Focus & Epicenter
The point where the earthquakes are
generated is called focus or Hypocentre.
The point on the earth’s surface, directly
above the focus, is called the epicenter .
C R U S T
EPICENTRE
FOCUS
MANTLE
C R U S T
Earth’s surface
HYPOCENTER
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Notice the postion of the continents of
Antarctica (Far north of its current position),Australia (flipped sideways and far west of its
current position) and the subcontinent of India
(Hundreds of miles from Asia).
250 millions
years ago the
Earth's sevencontinents were
all grouped
together into a
supercontinentcalled Pangea.
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The plates are still moving today making theAtlantic Ocean larger and the Pacific Ocean
smaller. The yellow arrows on the world map
indicate the direction of plates movements today.
COMPLEX PLATE
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COMPLEX PLATE
BOUNDARY ZONE
IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA
Northward motion
of India deforms all
of the region
Many small plates
(microplates) and
blocks
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The Indian plate crashed into the Eurasian plate
with such speed and force that it created the
tallest mountain range on Earth, the Himalayas!
What do you predict the world will look like in100 million or 200 million years? What new
mountain ranges will form?
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The Earth's crust is broken into many pieces. These
pieces are called plates . There are twelve main plates on
the Earth's surface. The lines on this map of the world
represent the largest plate boundaries.
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9
8
1
2
10
6
12
6
6
5
3
1113
4
Legend1 – North American Plate
2 – South American Plate
3 – African Plate
4 – Eurasian Plate5 – Indo-Australian Plate
6 – Pacific Plate
7 – Antarctic Plate
8 – Nazca Plate
9 – Cocos Plate
10 – Caribbean Plate
11 – Philippine Plate
12 – Juan de Fuca Plate
13 – Arabian Plate14 – Scotia Plate
147
Tectonic Plates of the World
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What is the Ring of Fire?
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What is the Ring of Fire?
The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area of frequentearthquakes and volcanic eruptions encircling
the basin of the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of
Fire has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 50% of the world's active and dormant
volcanoes. Ninety percent of the world's
earthquakes and 81% of the world's
largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of
Fire.
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Deadliest earthquakes^
Rank Earthquake mag. Country Date Fatalitie
s
1 "Shaanxi" 8 China January 23, 1556 830,000
2 "Tangshan" 7.8 China July 27, 1976 242,000
3 "IndianOcean"
9.1 nr.Indonesia
December 26,2004
230,210
4 "Aleppo" 8.5 Syria August 9, 1138 230,000
5 "Damghan" ? Iran December 22,856
200,000
"Haiyuan" 8.6 China December 16,1920
200
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1.The largest
recorded
earthquakein the world
was a
magnitude9.5 (Mw) in
Chile on
May 22,
1960.
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The world's deadliest recorded
earthquake occurred in 1556 in central
China. killing an estimated 8,30,000 people.
In 1976 another deadly earthquake struck in
Tangshan, China, where more than 2,50,000people were killed.
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The first “ pendulum seismoscope " to
measure the shaking of the ground during an
earthquake was developed in 1751, and it
wasn't until 1855 that faults were recognized
as the source of earthquakes.
WHEN WAVES ARRIVE
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Modified :
I. Felt only by a very few people under especially favorablecircumstances
II. Felt only by a few people at rest, especially on the upper floors of
buildings. Suspended objects may swing.
III. Felt quite noticeably indoors. Standing motor vehicles may rock
slightly. Vibration like the passing of a truck.
IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by a few. At night, some awakened.
Crockery, glassware, windows, doors rattle.
V. Felt by nearly everyone; damage to contents and structures
uncommon but possible.
Mercalli (MM) Scale Categories
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VI. Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors;
damage slight.
VII. Everybody runs outdoors; damage negligible to
buildings seismically well-designed and constructed;
slight to moderate to ordinary structures; considerabledamage to poorly built or badly designed structures.
VIII. Damage slight in well-designed, considerable in
ordinary, and great in poorly built structures;
chimneys, monuments, walls, etc., fall.
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IX. Damage considerable to well-designed structures, and great (including
partial or complete collapse) in other buildings; buildings shifted off
foundations; underground pipelines disrupted.
X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and
ordinary structures destroyed; railroad tracks bent; landslides common;
water spills over banks of streams, lakes, etc.
XI. Few, if any, masonry structures remain standing; bridges are
destroyed; broad fissures open in the ground; underground pipelines are
completely out of service; earth subsides.
XII. Damage is total; waves are seen propagating along surface of the
ground; nearly impossible to stand; objects thrown up into the air.
Ri ht S l
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Richter Scale•
Small: 5.0 to 5.9• Moderate: 6.0 to 6.9
•Major: 7.0 to 7.9
• Great: 8.0 or greater
ground acceleration
In 1935 Charles Richter
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developed a method to compare
the sizes of earthquakes based
on waves recorded byseismographs.
Modern seismologists have modified his method
and now analyze all waves recorded on a
seismograph to produce a seismic moment. Theseismic moment is then converted to moment
magnitude, which is the standard size
reported by the U.S. Geological Survey.
derstanding Magnitude
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How does the amplitude of a magnitude-9 earthquake
compare to the amplitude of smaller events?
If we likened earthquakes to hillsand mountain peaks...
Mag. 9 = 10x larger than Mag.
8 = 100x larger than Mag. 7Mag. 8 = 10x larger than Mag 7
Mag. 7
Each peak is
(approximately) 10
times the height of the
previous one.
g g
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The earliest recorded evidence of an
earthquake has been traced back to
1831 BC in China, but there is a fairlycomplete record starting in 780 BC
during the Zhou Dynasty in China.
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India Earthquake Prone-India Earthquake Prone- WHWH•India was placed onIndia was placed on
Indo-Australian plate.Indo-Australian plate.
• The plate snapped. The plate snapped.
•Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinentstarted shiftingstarted shifting
upwards.upwards.
•Stresses areStresses are
continuously developedcontinuously developed
north of India.north of India.
•With rupture of Indo-With rupture of Indo-
Eurasia plate in Bay of Eurasia plate in Bay of
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6
7
8
9
INDIA Seismic Zones
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Seismic Zone
Map of India:
Year-1962
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Seismic Zone
Map of India:
-1966
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Seismic Zone
Map of India:
-1970
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Fig: 2.1.6AFTER TSUNAMI
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VULNERABILITY • 1819 Gujarat [Kutch] 8.0 (2000 deat
• 2001 Gujarat [Bhuj] 6.9 (13805 deat
• Increased vulnerability in two centuri
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You can never tell when
there will be an earthquake,
but you can reduce or avoiddamage, injuries or loss of
life by preparing yourself.
Latest Earthquakes in the World - Past 7 days
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Wednesday August 05 2009 at 21:43:24 UTC
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Wednesday, August 05, 2009 at 21:43:24 UTC
Thursday, August 06, 2009 at 06:43:24 AM at
epicenter 38.844°S, 137.201°E Location :
4.4 km (2.7 miles) Depth
Magnitude 5.0
450 km (280 miles) SSW of ADELAIDE,
South Australia, Australia
DISTANCE
TIME OF EARTHQUAKE IN OTHER TIME ZONES
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TIME OF EARTHQUAKE IN OTHER TIME ZONES
Wednesday, August 05, 2009 at 21:43:27
(UTC) - Coordinated Universal Time
Thursday, August 06, 2009 at 06:43:27 AM
local time at epicenter
Thursday, August 06, 2009 at 03:13:27 AM- Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta
Recent Earthquakes - Last 8-30 Days
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It was recognized as early as 350 BC by the
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Moonquakes ("earthquakes" on the moon) dooccur, but they happen less frequently and
have smaller magnitudes than earthquakes on
the Earth.
It was recognized as early as 350 BC by the
Greek scientist Aristotle that soft ground
shakes more than hard rock in an earthquake.
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The lunar seismometer (lower right) carried aboard Apollo 16.
The lunar seismometer (lower right) carried aboard Apollo 16.
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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@Depth
Intothe
earth
Surface of the earth
Distance along the fault plane
100 km (60 miles)
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
START
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 2.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 2.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 4.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 4.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 6.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 6.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 8.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 8.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 10.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 10.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 12.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 12.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 14.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 14.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 16.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 16.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 18.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 18.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 20.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 20.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 22.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 22.0
Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault
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Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 24.0
Slip on an earthquake fault
Second 24.0
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The magnitude of an earthquake is a measuredvalue of the earthquake size
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value of the earthquake size.
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Much of the damage in earthquakes
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Much of the damage in earthquakes
is predictable and preventable.
We must all work together in our
communities to apply our
knowledge to building codes,retrofitting programs, hazard hunts,
and neighborhood and family
emergency plans.
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Three weeks ago, the water level in apond 350 miles from the quake's
epicentre inexplicably plunged.
Three days before disaster struck,
thousands of toads appeared on the
streets of Mianzhu city, where 2,000have been reported dead. And hours
before, zoo animals in Wuhan began
acting bizarrely.
Alert by the animals
The earliest reference we have to unusual animal
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The earliest reference we have to unusual animal
behavior prior to a significant earthquake is from
Greece in 373 BC. Rates, weasels, snakes, andcentipedes reportedly left their homes and
headed for safety several days before a
destructive earthquake
However, consistent and reliable behavior prior
to seismic events, and a mechanism explaininghow it could work, still eludes us. Most, but not
all, scientists pursuing this mystery are in
China or Japan.
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We can easily explain the cause of unusual animal
behavior seconds before humans feel an
earthquake. Very few humans notice the smaller P
wave that travels the fastest from the earthquake
source and arrives before the larger S wave. But
many animals with more keen senses are able to feelthe P wave seconds before the S wave arrives. As
for sensing an impending earthquake days or weeks
before it occurs, that's a different story
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British tourists said
moments before the quakestruck the pandas they
were watching at the worldfamous Wolong reserve
became agitated.
isolatednot isolated
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As China deals with the aftermath, online
commentators and bloggers are asking why no
heed was paid to these signs.
Some suggested officials could have predicted
the quake earlier.
However, seismologists say it is practicallyimpossible to predict when and where an
earthquake will strike.
Erratic Behavior in Dogs
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Researchers around the world continue to
pursue the idea, however. In September 2003 amedical doctor in Japan made headlines with a
study that indicated erratic behavior in dogs,
such as excessive barking or biting, could be
used to forecast quakes.
In 373 B.C., historians recorded that animals,
including rats, snakes and weasels, desertedthe Greek city of Helice in droves just days
before a quake devastated the place.
Do you know what would happen beforean earthquake?
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Bright lights flash in the sky Bright lights flash in the sky
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Animals are too nervous, such ascows, pigs, horses, and snakes,
etc.
Predictions of an earthquake:
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q
1) Bright lights flash in the sky;
3) The well walls have deep cracks with
smelly gas;4) Animals are too nervous, such as
cows, pigs, horses, and snakes, etc;
5) Mice run out to look for places to hide;
6) Fish jump out of the ponds.
2) The water in the well rise and fall;
• The idea that animals can
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sense tremors in advance is as
old as the ancient Greeks of 373 B.C. and as new as theAsian tsunami of 2004.
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Frogs Predict Big Earthquake in China
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PublicPublicThe Imminent earthquake prediction
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1975 Haicheng
Earthquake
1975 Haicheng
Earthquake
The first
successful
imminent
earthquakeprediction in
human history
The first
successful
imminent
earthquake
prediction in
human history
PublicPublic
NoticeNotice
There mightThere might
be anbe an
earthquakeearthquake
very soon,very soon,
the film willthe film will
be shown inbe shown inthe open airthe open air
instead of ininstead of in
the cinema.the cinema.
Xinhua CinemaXinhua Cinema
1975: Liaoning Province,
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China
• First major earthquake to be predicted• Saved thousands of lives
• Chinese officials ordered the evacuation of about1 million people days before the earthquake
• Reasons:·Changes in land elevation and ground water levelsfor a few months
·Widespread accounts of peculiar animal behavior
·Regional increase in seismic activity
Living with Disasters…
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Are we living in a more dangerous world than
our grandparents lived?
Living with Disasters…
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Or is it becoming a safer place?
Conclusion:
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"A chain is as strong as itsweakest link”
Conclusion:
Let’s make a safer world
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1. www.usgs.gov* for information of the tsunami
www.iris.edu*
2. www.bbc.com, www.cnn.com for animation and photos
serc.carleton.edu, www.kyoto-u.ac.jp
3. www.digitalglobe.com for satellite photos
4. www.asiantsunamivideos.com for videos of tsunami disaster
* : U.S. Geological Survey
* : Incorporated Research Institution for Seismology