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Susan Pojer
Essential QuestionsEssential QuestionsEssential QuestionsEssential Questions
1. What national issues emerged in the process of closing the western frontier?
2. Why does the West hold such an important place in the American imagination?
3. In what ways is the West romanticized in American culture?
WESTWARD MOVEMENT WESTWARD MOVEMENT WESTWARD MOVEMENT WESTWARD MOVEMENT
After government was stable people in the east began to Move west even more than before.
Manifest Destiny, Railroads, Adventure, free land and profit all lead to the growing need of Americans to migrate to the frontier.
***Why would the government offer free land to people out west?
RAILROADS
• Transcontinental – East to West
• Easier to get people out west – more willing to come.
• Many came out west working on the railroads (Irish, Chinese, blacks, etc.)
Railroad ConstructionRailroad ConstructionRailroad ConstructionRailroad Construction
Promontory Point, UTPromontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)(May 10, 1869)
Promontory Point, UTPromontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)(May 10, 1869)
COWBOYS
• Huge cattle population out west.
• Government land could be used for grazing
• Cattle had to be herded over long distances – hard life for cowboys.
The Bronc BusterThe Bronc BusterFrederick RemingtonFrederick Remington
Black CowboysBlack Cowboys
Colt .45 RevolverColt .45 RevolverColt .45 RevolverColt .45 Revolver
God didn’t make men equal.God didn’t make men equal.Colonel Colt did!Colonel Colt did!
Legendary Gunslingers & Train Legendary Gunslingers & Train RobbersRobbers
Legendary Gunslingers & Train Legendary Gunslingers & Train RobbersRobbers
Jesse JamesJesse James
Billy the KidBilly the Kid
Dodge City Peace Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890Commission, 1890Dodge City Peace Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890Commission, 1890
ProspectingProspectingProspectingProspecting
Mining Centers: Mining Centers: 19001900
Mining Centers: Mining Centers: 19001900
Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. (MT)(MT)
Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. (MT)(MT)
Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Now Ghost TownsNow Ghost Towns
Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Now Ghost TownsNow Ghost Towns
Calico, CACalico, CACalico, CACalico, CA
RANCHERS
Free land for cattle Homestead Act – 160 acres free – must farm for 5
years and build a structure with a window and a door.
People would race for land – Oklahoma Land Rush (Boomers and Sooners)
Homesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public Lands
RANCHERS CONT.
• Ranchers – wealthy could use free government land
• Issues between farmers and ranchers
• Hard life
TheThe
CattleCattle
TrailsTrails
TheThe
CattleCattle
TrailsTrails
Land Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880s
New New AgriculturalAgriculturalTechnologyTechnology
New New AgriculturalAgriculturalTechnologyTechnology
““Prairie Fan”Prairie Fan”Water PumpWater Pump
Steel Plow [“Sod Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]Buster”]
Barbed WireBarbed WireBarbed WireBarbed Wire
Joseph Joseph GliddenGliddenJoseph Joseph GliddenGlidden
The Range WarsThe Range WarsThe Range WarsThe Range Wars
SheepHerders
CattleRanchers
FARMERS
• Homestead Act
• Built fences to keep cattle out
What is the Message of this What is the Message of this Picture?Picture?
What is the Message of this What is the Message of this Picture?Picture?
The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SDHouse, SD
The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SDHouse, SD
Frontier Settlements: 1870-Frontier Settlements: 1870-18901890
Frontier Settlements: 1870-Frontier Settlements: 1870-18901890
BlackBlack“Exoduster”“Exoduster”HomesteadHomestead
ersers
Blacks Moving WestBlacks Moving West
The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great PlainsPlains
The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great PlainsPlains
A Romantic ViewA Romantic ViewA Romantic ViewA Romantic View
The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian WarsWars
The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian WarsWars
The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”
Exclusion Act (1882)Exclusion Act (1882) - Oriental Exclusion - Oriental Exclusion ActAct - Chinese Exclusion - Chinese Exclusion ActAct
NATIVE AMERICANSDOWNFALL
• LAND– Loss of land to westward movement
• BUFFALO– Land blocked – killed for sport
• DISEASE– Small Pox - #1 cause of death
• OPINION– Fear – seen as uncivilized - “Only good Indian is a dead Indian”
Treaty of Ft. Laramie Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851)(1851)
ColoradoColoradoGold Rush Gold Rush
(1859)(1859)
INDIAN WARS
• SAND CREEK MASSACRE– Col. John Chivington– Killed 450 Cheyenne (mostly women and children)– Chief Black Kettle tried to hold up white flag – it
was ignored. “Kill and scalp all”
Colonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John Chivington
Kill and scalp all, big Kill and scalp all, big and little!and little!
Sandy Creek, CO Sandy Creek, CO MassacreMassacre
November 29, 1864November 29, 1864
Capt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. Fetterman
80 soldiers massacred80 soldiers massacredDecember 21, 1866December 21, 1866
Treaty of Medicine Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867)Lodge Creek (1867)
22ndnd Treaty of Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868)Ft. Laramie (1868)
ReservationReservationPolicyPolicy
ReservationReservationPolicyPolicy
Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black
Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota
Territory!Territory!
18741874
Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black
Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota
Territory!Territory!
18741874
BATTLE OF LITTLE BIG HORN
• George Custer
• 1876 – he lead a troop of 264 men toward a Sioux Camp – Sitting Bull waiting for him – Custer was
surrounded and he and all the men were killed– **Greatest Indian Victory
The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876
The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876
Chief Sitting BullChief Sitting Bull
Gen. GeorgeGen. GeorgeArmstrong Armstrong
CusterCuster
CHIEF JOSEPH
• Believed Black Hills could not be sold
• Wanted Peace
• Forced to run with people to Canada – many died
• Eventually captured and forced to a reservation
Chief Joseph Chief Joseph I will I will fight no more forever!fight no more forever!
Chief Joseph Chief Joseph I will I will fight no more forever!fight no more forever!
Nez Percé Nez Percé tribal tribal
retreat (1877)retreat (1877)
Geronimo, Apache Chief: Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless CauseHopeless Cause
Geronimo, Apache Chief: Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless CauseHopeless Cause
Dawes Severalty Act Dawes Severalty Act (1887):(1887):
Assimilation PolicyAssimilation Policy
Dawes Severalty Act Dawes Severalty Act (1887):(1887):
Assimilation PolicyAssimilation Policy
Carlisle Indian School, PACarlisle Indian School, PA
DAWES ACT
• Broke up Indian land – 160 acre units
• Not allowed to sell land for 25 years
• Schools set up to “civilize” – English, Christianity, etc.
GHOST DANCE
• Celebration – not a call to war
• Vision that chief would drive white man away
• Military concerned – Chief Sitting Bull killed
Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 18901890
Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 18901890
WOUNDED KNEE
• Chief Big Foot led the Sioux away
• Military rounded up 350 freezing and starving Sioux – taken to Wounded Knee SD.– Shot fired – 300 unarmed Indians killed and left to
freeze. Many children butchered.– Ended Indian Wars.
Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless BodyBody
Wounded Knee, SD, 1890Wounded Knee, SD, 1890
Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless BodyBody
Wounded Knee, SD, 1890Wounded Knee, SD, 1890
Indian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations Today
Crazy Horse Monument:Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SDBlack Hills, SD
Crazy Horse Monument:Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SDBlack Hills, SD
Lakota ChiefLakota ChiefLakota ChiefLakota Chief
Korczak Ziolkowski, SculptorKorczak Ziolkowski, SculptorCrazy Horse MonumentCrazy Horse Monument
Korczak Ziolkowski, SculptorKorczak Ziolkowski, SculptorCrazy Horse MonumentCrazy Horse Monument
His vision of the finished His vision of the finished memorial.memorial.
His vision of the finished His vision of the finished memorial.memorial.
Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD
The Traditional View of the The Traditional View of the WestWest
The Traditional View of the The Traditional View of the WestWest
William “Buffalo Bill” William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Cody’s Wild West
ShowShow
William “Buffalo Bill” William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Cody’s Wild West
ShowShow
““Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting BullBull
““Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting BullBull
Legendary Female Western Legendary Female Western CharactersCharacters
Legendary Female Western Legendary Female Western CharactersCharacters
Calamity JaneCalamity JaneCalamity JaneCalamity Jane Annie OakleyAnnie OakleyAnnie OakleyAnnie Oakley
The Fall of the The Fall of the CowboyCowboy
Frederick RemingtonFrederick Remington
Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds
Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds
The near extinction of the buffalo.The near extinction of the buffalo.
Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park
First national First national park established park established
in 1872.in 1872.
National ParksNational ParksNational ParksNational Parks
Conservation MovementConservation MovementConservation MovementConservation Movement
John MuirJohn Muir
With President With President Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt
Sierra ClubSierra ClubSierra ClubSierra Club
Founded in 1892Founded in 1892