2 2 Approaches To Leadership

CHAPTER 2

APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP

Leadership

Traits

Approaches to

Leadership

How to apply

one’s abilities

Ways to achieve

best results

Webster’s

dictionary:

Authority is ~

“The power or

right to give

commands,

enforce

obedience, take

action, or make

final decisions.”

U.S. Navy:

The person in

authority is

the person

in charge.

To be in charge is an exciting thought.

However, with authority goes

responsibility, and accountability.

Burdens on a Leader

The social force that binds you

to your obligations and the courses

of action demanded by that force

Responsibility

Responsibility to someone

or for some activity

Accountability

Commanding Officer

Authority in charge.

Totally responsible and accountable

for all things within his or her command.

Cannot delegate this responsibility.

Whoever has authority of a unit is also

accountable for what occurs in the unit,

both the good and the bad.

A naval leader is accountable for deeds

and results—not good intentions.

It must be this way for confidence and

trust.

Officer in Charge (OIC)

Petty Officer in Charge (POIC)

Squad Leader (SL)

Division Officer (DIVO)Platoon Leader (PL)

Commanding Officer (CO)

In many cases,

civilian leaders

may be held

accountable

only if they break

the law.

Authority in civilian life does not carry

the same amount of accountability.

AUTHORITY IN CIVILIAN LIFE


Nevertheless,

they should accept

the responsibility of

carrying out their

acts in a highly

professional manner.

Parents have

authority because

they have

responsibility until

you are of legal age.


Teachers are responsible for teaching

you, and are accountable to the

principal and superintendent.


Police, civil, and school authorities

are responsible to maintain law

and order.

They get their authority from the

people through the laws people enact.


From the school district and the Navy,naval science instructors have authorityover you and your fellow cadets fromthe agreement each makes when becoming a member of the cadet corps.

These authorities require your

instructors to present the NJROTC

course in the best way possible.

Discipline is not something to fear.

It is an orderly way of doing things.

In both military and civilian life,

discipline is a way of guiding people

toward the right actions.

Training to act in accordance with

rules; drill

To bring to a state of order and

obedience by training and control

Discipline

Self-Discipline is control of yourself.

It is an inner strength coming from

your experiences and training.

It’s what makes you do what you know

needs to be done instead of only doing

what you would rather do.

Clean up room

Wear uniform

Go to class

Homework

Get home on time

Training and control of oneself

and one's conduct, usually for

personal improvement

Self-Discipline

The NJROTC program is designed to

teach self-discipline.

Self-discipline helps cadets learn how

to manage their time, take and follow

directions, and make decisions.

Leaders need these skills whether they

are in the military or civilian worlds.

To direct or control the use of

To make submissive to one’s

authority, discipline, or persuasion

Manage

SELF-DISCIPLINED PEOPLE

• Make the military, and all society,

work,

• Are dependable,

• Take care of their responsibilities on

their own.

Worthy of reliance or trust

Consistent in performance

or behavior

Dependable

Self-discipline begins

with self-control.

Practicing self-control

builds better habits.

A self-controlled person can

stand up to hardships and danger.

United States Navy

UNIFORM

REGULATIONS

NAVPERS 15665I

With high morale, self-disciplined

people follow regulations cheerfully

and well.

A principle, rule, or law designed

to control or govern conduct

Regulations

DRILL AND DISCIPLINE

Drill teaches self-discipline, because it

requires the unit to act as one person.

Good drill units must practice regularly

until each individual knows the routine

perfectly and can move in unison.

DRILL AND DISCIPLINE

Drilling is not punishment, or endless routine.

It is a leadership tool to build a sense of

belonging and pride in each member of a unit.

Wearing uniforms correctly and moving in

unison looks good and feels good.

LEADERSHIP STYLES

Most leaders’ styles fall somewhere in

between the two extremes.

AUTOCRATIC STYLE

The autocratic or authoritarian style of

leadership is centered on the leader.

It is direct, often impersonal, and

demanding as quick response is in drill.

Characteristic of an absolute ruler

or absolute rule; having absolute

sovereignty

Autocratic

Characterized by or favoring

absolute obedience to authority,

as against individual freedom

Of, relating to, or expecting

unquestioning obedience

Authoritarian

The autocratic leader is responsible todirect a group effort. Subordinates donot question this leader’s commands. The emphasis is on carrying out orders.

AUTOCRATIC STYLE

Unconcerned about relationships withsubordinates, the autocratic leaderuses position as the leadership basis.This won’t build a close-knit group.

AUTOCRATIC STYLE

• Gets the job done quickly• Produces well for short periods only• Followers can’t act independently

without leader

AUTOCRATIC STYLE

Autocratic approach has its place. Under normal conditions though, leadersshould refrain from overuse in order toget better results when actually needed.

AUTOCRATIC STYLE

DEMOCRATIC STYLE

• Includes participation of followers, aswell as leader

• Requires democratic skills with people• Time consuming but better long term

Characterized by or advocatingor based upon the principles ofsocial equality

Representing or appealing to oradapted for the benefit of thepeople at large

Democratic

Encourages group members to helpset procedures, make decisions, anddiscuss problems. Group is more willingto work together to get the job done.

DEMOCRATIC STYLE

Allows people some leeway to carry outtasks, as long as the job gets done. Group takes responsibility and pride.Leader trains group in decision-making.

DEMOCRATIC STYLE

• Produce better over longer periods• Keep producing when the leader is

not present• Members can exercise initiative/pride

DEMOCRATIC STYLE

Effective leadership is based on results ,not effort.

Authority alone may not produce thebest results.

Democratic style alone may not be the best either.

With each new opportunity, a successfulleader will find the most effective blendto achieve the best results.

RANGE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES

RANGE OFLEADERSHIP STYLES

The leader keeps all authority and gives

the group little freedom. The leader

decides, and the group follows.

The leader makes the decision, then

persuades the group that this decision

is the “best” for the group.

The leader states the problem, picks a

possible solution, and lets the group

react to this solution. Possibly accepting

suggestions, the leader makes a final

decision and informs the group.

The leader presents the problem and

asks for ideas from the group members.

The group recommends solutions;

the leader selects one, and informs

the group.

The group decides and the leader

follows. Here the leader is just another

member of the group and agrees to

carry out the group’s decision.

No matter what leadership style they

use, leaders cannot be everywhere all

the time, nor can they—or should

they—try to do everything themselves.

Frequently it is necessary for leaders to

delegate (give) authority to individuals

and groups in order to get the job done.

RANGE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES

Remember though, that delegating

authority does not relieve a leader of

responsibility or accountability.

To commit or entrust to another

To authorize and send (another

person) as one's representative

Delegate

When delegating authority, it is

important to set:

~ clear and concise limits to operate

~ specific goals

~ time constraints

If the individual or group finds it

necessary to exceed the limits set,

the leader must be advised in all but

emergency cases.

Alternatives and requests for further

directions are appropriate.

The purpose toward which an

endeavor is directed; an objective

Goal

LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNICATION

To become a good leader, one has to

be able to communicate.

• Reading

• Writing

• Listening

• Speaking

The four skills necessary for

communication are:

COMMUNICATION

READING

In order to “pass the word” to followers

and carry out instructions, a good

leader must be able to read directives

and understand them.

READING

save time, effort, and get a better

understanding by:

~ scanning the material first to pick out

the main ideas

~ then reread for details

When reading

longer articles,

books, or

instructions,

WRITING

Often, leaders must give written orders

and instructions.

The second skill is to be able to write in

a way others can clearly understand.

WRITING

There are four important steps to follow

for effective writing:

1. Clarify your purpose.

2. Limit the subject.

3. List your ideas.

4. Organize your ideas into groups.

WRITING



1. Clarify your purpose. Be able to say

why you are writing, who will read it,

and what you expect the reader to do

after reading it.

WRITING




2. Limit the subject. Material should be

limited to what suits your purpose as

stated in Step 1. Do not waste the

readers’ time with extra material.

WRITING





3. List your ideas. You want to list

ideas that will get across to your

reader. As you read and research,

write down ideas and change them

later if necessary.

WRITING





3. List your ideas.


Main ideas are followed by important

subheadings, then supporting

information. An outline will help keep

you on course and save time when

you actually start writing.

WRITING





3. List your ideas.


your leadership and organizational

skills will be evident in the text.

LISTENING

The art of listening effectively is picked

up through practice and hard work.

Poor listeners often try to place the

entire burden on the speaker.

There are some people who only want

to hear themselves speak, but that is

not the way to effectively manage

people or build respect.

LISTENING

Practicing the following rules, anyone

can become a better listener. A good

listener will be a better leader.

LISTENING

Four rules to becoming a better listener:

1. Get ready to listen.

2. Take responsibility for understanding.

3. Listen to understand rather than to

disagree.

4. Listen for the main ideas.

LISTENING


1. Get ready to listen. Do not place all

the responsibility on the speaker.

You must be alert!

LISTENING




Do some thinking as you listen. If

you just listen to words, you will miss

the purpose of the speech. In your

mind put the speaker’s ideas in your

own words. Repeat what you

thought you heard to be sure.

Do not go away in doubt.

LISTENING





disagree. Listen and wait; try to

understand first and evaluate second.

Emotions should not cloud the

matter. Question only after a speech

or lesson is finished.

LISTENING





disagree. 4. Listen for the main ideas. If you are

listening to a teacher or otherspeaker, take notes. Come to classesand lectures prepared to do so.Taking notes will make you more alertfor the main ideas.

LISTENING

If you use these four rules,




disagree.

4. Listen for the main ideas.

you will gain more knowledge and

understanding. It is still the best way.

SPEAKING

Everyone speaks, but not everyone

effectively communicates.

A speaker must be able to speak on a

level that the audience will understand.

SPEAKING

You have probably listened to someone

give directions, and been even more

confused by what they said.

That person did not communicate

effectively.

SPEAKING

A speaker needs to know the audience

and should use words the listeners will

understand.

Otherwise, listeners will “turn off” and

“tune out” the speaker’s voice.

SPEAKING

Since leadership means getting things

done through other people, a leader

must be able to speak well.

Although giving orders and

instructions...

SPEAKING

...is not the same as giving a speech,

the same rules apply in either case.

SPEAKING

To speak well, you must

organize your materials.

SPEAKING

Five basic steps for an effective speech:

1. Determine the purpose of the speech.

2. Narrow the scope of your topic.

3. Choose a subject of interest to you

and your audience.

4. Make an outline to organize your

speech.

5. Practice your speech.

SPEAKING



Having “zeroed in” on your purpose,

stick to it. Do not wander in your

research or your writing.

SPEAKING



2. Narrow the scope of your topic. Do

not try to cover too much in one

speech. You will bore your listeners

if you do. Most good speeches can be

given in 15 minutes or less.

SPEAKING





and your audience. Keep in mind the

maturity of your audience. Do not

rely just on what you know about the

subject. Do some research. Be sure

your information is correct.

SPEAKING





and your audience.


speech. Note facts and figures so

you don’t make mistakes.

SPEAKINGFive basic steps for an effective speech:

1. Determine the purpose of the speech.2. Narrow the scope of your topic.3. Choose a subject of interest to you

and your audience.4. Make an outline to organize your

speech.5. Practice your speech. Say it in front

of a mirror or use a tape recorder.Time it. Listen to yourself. Plan touse gestures. “Running through”your speech will give you confidence.

SPEAKING

Preparing with these five basic steps,




and your audience.


speech.

5. Practice your speech.

will give you additional confidence to

deliver an effective speech as a leader.

SPEAKING

The best speeches use what is called

three part communication or:

3 Part Comm.

As the name implies, there are three

separate parts to guide your audience’s

attention during your presentation.

Introduction

Body

Close

SPEAKING

3 Part Comm.

Introduction

Body

Close

Tell your audience what

you are going to tell them.

This prepares them to

listen for key points or

phrases and helps keep

their attention in

anticipation.

It is easily prepared from

your outline.

SPEAKING

3 Part Comm.

Introduction

Body

Close

Tell them. In other words,

present your speech. Hit

the key points or phrases

in the same order you

offered in the introduction.

This is a “road map” they

can follow.

SPEAKING

3 Part Comm.

Introduction

Body

Close


you told them. This

reinforces the key points

you were making in the

body of your speech and

refreshes their memory.

It also offers an excellent

method of wrapping up

and ending a speech with

a “Thank You!”

SPEAKING

3 Part Comm.

Introduction

Body

Close


you are going to tell them.

Tell them.

Tell them what you told

Them.

Using these proven methods,

you will find speeches easier to prepare,

deliver, and close, with your leadership

persona enhanced.

What does authority mean in

the Navy?

The person in charge

What does authority mean in

the Navy?

What is the definition of

"authority?"

The power or right to give

commands, enforce obedience,

take action, or make final

decisions

What is the definition of

"authority?"

In the Navy, authority comes

with what?

Responsibility and

accountability

In the Navy, authority comes

with what?

What is the difference between

civilian authority and naval

authority?

Civilian leaders may be held

accountable in many cases only

if they break the law. Naval

authority is held accountable for

all that occurs in that command.

What is the difference between

civilian authority and naval

authority?

Who has authority over all the

cadets in this program?

Naval Science Instructor(s)

Who has authority over all the

cadets in this program?

What is discipline?

Doing things in an orderly way

What is discipline?

Why do parents have authority

over their children?

They are responsible for your

actions.

Why do parents have authority

over their children?

Where does self-discipline

begin?

Self-control

Where does self-discipline

begin?

Who gives authority to

law-enforcement and school

officials to carry out their

responsibilities?

They get their authority from

the people, through laws.

Who gives authority to

law-enforcement and school

officials to carry out their

responsibilities?

What is one way to learn

self-discipline?

Through drill

What is one way to learn

self-discipline?

Where do the NSIs get

authority to teach and manage

the NJROTC unit?

That authority rises from the

agreement each cadet makes

when he or she becomes a

member of the cadet corps.

Where do the NSIs get

authority to teach and manage

the NJROTC unit?

What is the first step toward

developing self-discipline?

Control of yourself

What is the first step toward

developing self-discipline?

Describe an autocratic leader.

The autocratic leader does not

allow input or discussion.

Describe an autocratic leader.

Why does military drill help in

learning self-discipline?

It requires the unit to act as

one person.

Why does military drill help in

learning self-discipline?

Describe a democratic leader.

The democratic leader allows

the unit to have input.

Describe a democratic leader.

What are the two extreme

styles of leadership, and what

are the features of each?

Autocratic is centered on the

leader and Democratic means

participation of followers, as

well as the leader, in the

leadership process.

What are the two extreme

styles of leadership, and what

are the features of each?

Upon what is effective

leadership based?

Results

Upon what is effective

leadership based?

What are the five approaches

to leadership?

a. Telling

b. Selling

c. Testing

d. Consulting

e. Joining

What are the five approaches

to leadership?

Which style of leadership is

better, autocratic or

democratic?

Each one has a purpose, and

it is necessary to use the one

that will suit the situation.

Which style of leadership is

better, autocratic or

democratic?

TRUE or FALSE. A good leader

must be able to effectively

communicate.

TRUE.

TRUE or FALSE. A good leader

must be able to effectively

communicate.

What are the four skills

necessary for effective

communication?

1. Reading

2. Writing

3. Listening

4. Speaking

What are the four skills

necessary for effective

communication?

What are the four important

steps for effective writing?

1. Clarify your purpose

2. Limit the subject

3. List ideas

4. Organize ideas

What are the four important

steps for effective writing?

What are the four rules for

being a good listener?

1. Get ready to listen

2. Take the responsibility for

understanding

3. Listen to understand

4. Listen for the main ideas

What are the four rules for

being a good listener?

What are the five basic steps

to follow in preparing a

speech?

1. Determine the purpose

2. Narrow the scope of your

topic

3. Choose a subject of interest

4. Make an outline

5. Practice your speech

What are the five basic steps

to follow in preparing a

speech?

Why is it important to know the

audience that you are

addressing?

So that you can speak on their

level

Why is it important to know the

audience that you are

addressing?

Education

2 2 Approaches To Leadership