The New Power BalanceThe New Power Balance

1850–19001850–1900

New Technologies and New Technologies and the World Economythe World Economy

RailroadsRailroads

1850 - first railroads were so successful 1850 - first railroads were so successful that every industrializing country began to that every industrializing country began to build railroad lines.build railroad lines.

Great growth in the world’s rail networks Great growth in the world’s rail networks from 1850 to 1900 especially in:from 1850 to 1900 especially in: BritainBritain – France– France GermanyGermany – Canada– Canada RussiaRussia – Japan– Japan United StatesUnited States

In the non-industrialized world, railroads In the non-industrialized world, railroads were also built wherever they would be of were also built wherever they would be of value to business or to government.value to business or to government.

SteamshipsSteamships

Technological developments helped to Technological developments helped to increase the average size and speed of increase the average size and speed of ocean-going vessels.ocean-going vessels.

These developments included:These developments included: The use of iron and steel for hullsThe use of iron and steel for hulls PropellersPropellers More efficient enginesMore efficient engines

Entrepreneurs developed a form of Entrepreneurs developed a form of organization known as the shipping line in organization known as the shipping line in order to make the most efficient use of order to make the most efficient use of these large and expensive new ships.these large and expensive new ships.

SteamshipSteamship

Telegraph CablesTelegraph Cables

Shipping lines also Shipping lines also used the growing used the growing system of system of submarine submarine telegraph cables telegraph cables in order to in order to coordinate the coordinate the movements of movements of their ships around their ships around the globe.the globe.

SteelSteel

Very hard and elastic form of iron.Very hard and elastic form of iron.Could be made only in small Could be made only in small

quantities by skilled blacksmiths quantities by skilled blacksmiths before the eighteenth century.before the eighteenth century.

A series of inventions in the A series of inventions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries eighteenth and nineteenth centuries made it possible to produce large made it possible to produce large quantities of steel at low cost.quantities of steel at low cost.

Illinois Steel Works in JolietIllinois Steel Works in Joliet

Blue SteelBlue Steel

The Chemical IndustryThe Chemical Industry

Chemicals were previously produced Chemicals were previously produced in small amounts in small workshops.in small amounts in small workshops.

Nineteenth century brought large-Nineteenth century brought large-scale manufacture of:scale manufacture of:ChemicalsChemicalsSynthetic dyesSynthetic dyes

Chemicals and TechnologyChemicals and Technology

One of the first fields in which One of the first fields in which science and technology interacted on science and technology interacted on a daily basis. a daily basis.

Germany had government-funded Germany had government-funded research and cooperation between research and cooperation between universities and industries.universities and industries.

German chemical and explosives German chemical and explosives industries were the most advanced industries were the most advanced by the end of the nineteenth century. by the end of the nineteenth century.

Blowing Stuff UpBlowing Stuff Up

Nineteenth century Nineteenth century advances in advances in explosives had explosives had significant effects on:significant effects on: civil engineeringcivil engineering the development of the development of

more powerful and more powerful and more accurate more accurate firearmsfirearms

Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel invented dynamite at invented dynamite at this time.this time.

ElectricityElectricity

1870s saw efficient generators that turned 1870s saw efficient generators that turned mechanical energy into electricity.mechanical energy into electricity.

Electricity used to power lamps, streetcars, Electricity used to power lamps, streetcars, subways, and electric motors for industry.subways, and electric motors for industry.

Also helped to alleviate the urban pollution Also helped to alleviate the urban pollution caused by horse-drawn vehicles.caused by horse-drawn vehicles.

Created a huge demand for copper, bringing Created a huge demand for copper, bringing Chile, Montana, and southern Africa more Chile, Montana, and southern Africa more deeply into the world economy.deeply into the world economy.

World Trade and FreightWorld Trade and Freight

Between 1850 and 1913:Between 1850 and 1913: world trade expanded tenfoldworld trade expanded tenfold cost of freight dropped between 50 and 95 cost of freight dropped between 50 and 95

percentpercentNow, even cheap and heavy products were shipped Now, even cheap and heavy products were shipped

around the worldaround the world Growth of trade and close connections Growth of trade and close connections

between the industrial economies of between the industrial economies of Western Europe and North America Western Europe and North America brought greater prosperity to these areas.brought greater prosperity to these areas. Made them more vulnerable to swings in the Made them more vulnerable to swings in the

business cycle.business cycle.Main causes of this = financial power of Great Britain. Main causes of this = financial power of Great Britain.

Non-Industrial AreasNon-Industrial Areas

Non-industrial areas were also tied to the Non-industrial areas were also tied to the world economy.world economy.

The non-industrial areas were even more The non-industrial areas were even more vulnerable to swings in the business cycle vulnerable to swings in the business cycle because:because: they depended on the export of raw materials. they depended on the export of raw materials.

Until World War I, the value of exports Until World War I, the value of exports from the tropical countries generally from the tropical countries generally remained high, and the size of their remained high, and the size of their populations remained moderate.populations remained moderate.

Social ChangesSocial Changes

Population and MigrationsPopulation and Migrations

1850-1914: Europe saw very rapid 1850-1914: Europe saw very rapid population growth.population growth.

Emigration from Europe spurred Emigration from Europe spurred population growth in:population growth in:United StatesUnited States – Canada– CanadaAustraliaAustralia – New Zealand – New ZealandArgentinaArgentina

The proportion of “Europeans” in The proportion of “Europeans” in world population rose from 1/5 to world population rose from 1/5 to 1/3.1/3.

Why the increase?Why the increase?

Reasons for the increase in European Reasons for the increase in European population include:population include:Drop in the death rateDrop in the death rateImproved crop yieldsImproved crop yieldsThe provision of grain from North The provision of grain from North

AmericaAmericaMore abundant year-round diet as a More abundant year-round diet as a

result of canning and refrigerationresult of canning and refrigeration

Urbanization and Urban Urbanization and Urban EnvironmentsEnvironments

In the latter half of the nineteenth In the latter half of the nineteenth century European, North American, century European, North American, and Japanese cities grew and Japanese cities grew tremendously both in terms of tremendously both in terms of population and of size.population and of size.

In areas like the English Midlands, In areas like the English Midlands, the German Ruhr, and around Tokyo the German Ruhr, and around Tokyo Bay, towns fused into one another, Bay, towns fused into one another, creating new cities. creating new cities.

Urban GrowthUrban Growth Urban growth was accompanied by Urban growth was accompanied by

changes in the character of urban life.changes in the character of urban life. Technologies that changed the quality of Technologies that changed the quality of

urban life included:urban life included: mass transportation networksmass transportation networks sewage and water supply systemssewage and water supply systems gas and electric lightinggas and electric lighting police and fire departmentspolice and fire departments sanitation and garbage removalsanitation and garbage removal building and health inspectionbuilding and health inspection SchoolsSchools parksparks

City PlanningCity Planning

New neighborhoods and cities were New neighborhoods and cities were built on a rectangular grid pattern built on a rectangular grid pattern with broad boulevards and modern with broad boulevards and modern apartment buildings.apartment buildings.

Cities were divided into industrial, Cities were divided into industrial, commercial, and residential zones, commercial, and residential zones, with the residential zones occupied with the residential zones occupied by different social classes.by different social classes.

Map of Manhattan – Grid PatternMap of Manhattan – Grid Pattern

The Air Was Not Good…The Air Was Not Good…

While urban environments improved in While urban environments improved in many ways, air quality worsened. many ways, air quality worsened.

Coal used as fuel polluted the air, while the Coal used as fuel polluted the air, while the waste of the thousands of horses that waste of the thousands of horses that pulled carts and carriages lay stinking in the pulled carts and carriages lay stinking in the streets until horses were replaced by streets until horses were replaced by streetcars and automobiles in the early streetcars and automobiles in the early twentieth century.twentieth century.

Middle-Class WomenMiddle-Class Women

The “Separate Sphere”The “Separate Sphere”

Victorian AgeVictorian Age

Refers not only to the reign of Queen Refers not only to the reign of Queen Victoria (r.1837–1901), but also to:Victoria (r.1837–1901), but also to:rules of behavior and ideology rules of behavior and ideology

surrounding the family and relations surrounding the family and relations between men and women.between men and women.

Men and women were thought to Men and women were thought to belong in “separate spheres,” the belong in “separate spheres,” the men in the workplace, the women in men in the workplace, the women in the home. the home.

Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria

A woman’s work is never done…A woman’s work is never done…

Before electrical appliances, a Before electrical appliances, a middle-class home demanded lots of middle-class home demanded lots of work.work.

The advent of modern technology in The advent of modern technology in the nineteenth century eliminated the nineteenth century eliminated some tasks and made others easier.some tasks and made others easier.

Rising standards of cleanliness Rising standards of cleanliness meant that technological advances meant that technological advances did not translate into a decrease in did not translate into a decrease in the housewife’s total workload. the housewife’s total workload.

Family and EducationFamily and Education

The most important The most important duty of middle-class duty of middle-class women was to raise women was to raise their children. their children.

Victorian mothers Victorian mothers lavished much time lavished much time and attention on their and attention on their children, but girls children, but girls received an education received an education very different from very different from that of boys. that of boys.

Legal Gender DiscriminationLegal Gender Discrimination

Governments enforced legal throughout the Governments enforced legal throughout the nineteenth century.nineteenth century.

Society frowned on careers for middle-class Society frowned on careers for middle-class women.women.

Women were excluded from jobs that Women were excluded from jobs that required higher educationrequired higher education teaching was a permissible career, but female teaching was a permissible career, but female

teachers were expected to resign when they got teachers were expected to resign when they got married.married.

Some middle-class women were not Some middle-class women were not satisfied with home life and became satisfied with home life and became involved in volunteer work or in the involved in volunteer work or in the women’s suffrage movement. women’s suffrage movement.

Working-Class WomenWorking-Class Women

Working-class women led lives of toil Working-class women led lives of toil and pain. and pain.

Many became domestic servants, Many became domestic servants, facing long hours and hard physical facing long hours and hard physical labor.labor.

Many more young women worked in Many more young women worked in factories, where they were relegated factories, where they were relegated to poorly paid work in the textiles to poorly paid work in the textiles and clothing trades.and clothing trades.

Working Class Married Working Class Married WomenWomen

Were expected to:Were expected to:stay homestay homeraise childrenraise childrendo houseworkdo housework

Also expected to contribute to the Also expected to contribute to the family income by:family income by:taking in boarderstaking in boardersdoing sewing or other piecework jobsdoing sewing or other piecework jobswashing other people’s clotheswashing other people’s clothes

Socialism and Labor Socialism and Labor MovementsMovements

SocialismSocialism

Began as an intellectual movement.Began as an intellectual movement.The best-known socialist was Karl The best-known socialist was Karl

Marx (1818–1883).Marx (1818–1883).Marx and Friedrich Engels (1820–Marx and Friedrich Engels (1820–

1895) wrote the 1895) wrote the Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto (1848) and (1848) and Das KapitalDas Kapital (1867).(1867).

Karl Marx Friedrich Engels

The Ideas of MarxThe Ideas of Marx

Marx saw history as a long series of Marx saw history as a long series of clashes between social classes.clashes between social classes.

His theories provided an intellectual His theories provided an intellectual framework for general dissatisfaction framework for general dissatisfaction with unregulated industrial with unregulated industrial capitalism.capitalism.

Marx took steps to translate his Marx took steps to translate his intellectual efforts into political intellectual efforts into political action.action.

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

Organizations formed by industrial Organizations formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers.negotiations with employers.

Labor unions developed from the Labor unions developed from the workers’ “friendly societies” of the workers’ “friendly societies” of the early nineteenth century and sought early nineteenth century and sought better wages, improved working better wages, improved working conditions, and insurance for conditions, and insurance for workers.workers.

Labor MovementsLabor Movements

Workers were brought into electoral Workers were brought into electoral politics as the right to vote was politics as the right to vote was extended to all adult males in Europe extended to all adult males in Europe and North America.and North America.

Socialists used their voting power to Socialists used their voting power to force concessions from the force concessions from the government and even to win elections.government and even to win elections.Classic case of socialist electoral politics is Classic case of socialist electoral politics is

the Social Democratic Party of Germany.the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

Social Democratic Party of Social Democratic Party of GermanyGermany

Women and PoliticsWomen and Politics

Working-class women had little time Working-class women had little time for politics.for politics.

They were not welcome in the male They were not welcome in the male dominated trade unions or in the dominated trade unions or in the radical political parties.radical political parties.

The few women who did participate The few women who did participate in radical politics found it difficult to in radical politics found it difficult to reconcile the demands of workers reconcile the demands of workers with those of women.with those of women.

Nationalism and the Nationalism and the Unification of Germany Unification of Germany

and Italyand Italy

Language & National Identity Language & National Identity before 1871before 1871

Language was usually the crucial element Language was usually the crucial element in creating a feeling of national unity but…in creating a feeling of national unity but… language and citizenship rarely coincided.language and citizenship rarely coincided.

The idea of redrawing the boundaries of The idea of redrawing the boundaries of states to accommodate linguistic, states to accommodate linguistic, religious, and cultural differences led to religious, and cultural differences led to the forging of larger states.the forging of larger states.

This threatened to break large multiethnic This threatened to break large multiethnic empires like Austria-Hungary into smaller empires like Austria-Hungary into smaller states. states.

Nationalism and LiberalismNationalism and Liberalism

Until the 1860s nationalism was Until the 1860s nationalism was associated with liberalism.associated with liberalism. Case in point: Italian liberal nationalist Case in point: Italian liberal nationalist

Giuseppe Mazzini.Giuseppe Mazzini. After 1848 conservative political leaders After 1848 conservative political leaders

learned built a sense of national identity learned built a sense of national identity through:through: public educationpublic education universal military serviceuniversal military service colonial conquests colonial conquests

The Unification of Italy,The Unification of Italy,1860–18701860–1870

By the mid-nineteenth century, popular By the mid-nineteenth century, popular sentiment favored Italian unification.sentiment favored Italian unification. Unification was opposed by Pope Pius IX and Unification was opposed by Pope Pius IX and

Austria.Austria. Count Cavour, the prime minister of Count Cavour, the prime minister of

Piedmont-Sardinia, used the help of France Piedmont-Sardinia, used the help of France to push the Austrians out of northern Italy. to push the Austrians out of northern Italy.

In the south, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a In the south, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a revolutionary army in 1860 that defeated revolutionary army in 1860 that defeated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

The New Kingdom of ItalyThe New Kingdom of Italy

A new Kingdom of A new Kingdom of Italy, headed by Italy, headed by Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel (the former king of (the former king of Piedmont-Sardinia) Piedmont-Sardinia) was formed in 1860.was formed in 1860.

In time, Venetia In time, Venetia (1866) and the (1866) and the Papal States (1870) Papal States (1870) were added to Italy.were added to Italy.

The Unification of GermanyThe Unification of Germany

Until the 1860s the German-speaking Until the 1860s the German-speaking people were divided among:people were divided among: PrussiaPrussia the western half of the Austrian Empirethe western half of the Austrian Empire numerous smaller statesnumerous smaller states

Prussia took the lead in the movement for Prussia took the lead in the movement for German unity because it:German unity because it: had a strong industrial base in the Rhinelandhad a strong industrial base in the Rhineland an army that was equipped with the latest an army that was equipped with the latest

military, transportation, and communications military, transportation, and communications technologytechnology

Finishing UnificationFinishing Unification

During the reign of Wilhelm I (r. 1861–1888) During the reign of Wilhelm I (r. 1861–1888) the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck achieved the unification of Germany achieved the unification of Germany through:through: DiplomacyDiplomacy The Franco-Prussian WarThe Franco-Prussian War

Victory over France in the Franco-Prussian Victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War completed the unification of Germany.War completed the unification of Germany.

It also resulted in German control over the It also resulted in German control over the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. This leads to long-term enmity between France This leads to long-term enmity between France

and Germany.and Germany.

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

Nationalism after 1871Nationalism after 1871

After the Franco-Prussian War all After the Franco-Prussian War all politicians tried to manipulate public politicians tried to manipulate public opinion to bolster their governments.opinion to bolster their governments.

Used the press and public education in Used the press and public education in order to foster nationalistic loyalties.order to foster nationalistic loyalties.

In many countries the dominant group In many countries the dominant group used nationalism to justify the imposition used nationalism to justify the imposition of its language, religion, or customs on of its language, religion, or customs on minority populations.minority populations. Case in point: attempts of Russia to “Russify” Case in point: attempts of Russia to “Russify”

its diverse ethnic populations. its diverse ethnic populations.

Justification of ConquestJustification of Conquest

Herbert Spencer (1820–Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) and others took 1903) and others took up Charles Darwin’s up Charles Darwin’s ideas of “natural ideas of “natural selection” and “survival selection” and “survival of the fittest” and of the fittest” and applied them to human applied them to human societies in such a way societies in such a way as to justify European as to justify European conquest of foreign conquest of foreign nations and the social nations and the social and gender hierarchies and gender hierarchies of Western society.of Western society.

The Great Powers of The Great Powers of Europe, 1871–1900Europe, 1871–1900

Germany at the Center of Germany at the Center of EuropeEurope

Under Bismarck, international relations Under Bismarck, international relations revolved around a united Germany which revolved around a united Germany which isolated France and forged a loose isolated France and forged a loose coalition with Austria-Hungary and Russia.coalition with Austria-Hungary and Russia.

At home, Germany used mass politics and At home, Germany used mass politics and social legislation to:social legislation to: gain popular support gain popular support develop a strong sense of national unity and develop a strong sense of national unity and

pride amongst the German people.pride amongst the German people. Wilhelm II (r. 1888–1918) dismissed Wilhelm II (r. 1888–1918) dismissed

Bismarck and initiated a German foreign Bismarck and initiated a German foreign policy that placed emphasis on the policy that placed emphasis on the acquisition of colonies.acquisition of colonies.

The Liberal Power: FranceThe Liberal Power: France

France was now a second-rate power in France was now a second-rate power in Europe.Europe. population and army were smaller than those of population and army were smaller than those of

GermanyGermany rate of industrial growth lower than that of the rate of industrial growth lower than that of the

Germans. Germans. French society seemed divided between French society seemed divided between

monarchist Catholics and republicans with monarchist Catholics and republicans with anticlerical views.anticlerical views.

But, the French had a deeper cohesion than But, the French had a deeper cohesion than appeared on the surface because of:appeared on the surface because of: popular participation in politicspopular participation in politics strong sense of nationhoodstrong sense of nationhood universal education systemuniversal education system

The Liberal Power: Great The Liberal Power: Great BritainBritain

A stable government and a narrowing in A stable government and a narrowing in the disparity of wealth were accompanied the disparity of wealth were accompanied by a number of problems: by a number of problems: Irish resentment of English ruleIrish resentment of English rule economy that was lagging behind those of the economy that was lagging behind those of the

United States and GermanyUnited States and Germany enormous empire that was very expensive to enormous empire that was very expensive to

administer and to defend. administer and to defend. Nineteenth century saw the British policy Nineteenth century saw the British policy

of “splendid isolation” toward Europe.of “splendid isolation” toward Europe.

India and Great BritainIndia and Great Britain

Preoccupation with Preoccupation with India led the British India led the British to exaggerate the to exaggerate the Russian threat to Russian threat to the Ottoman the Ottoman Empire and to the Empire and to the Central Asian Central Asian approaches to India approaches to India while they ignored while they ignored the rise of the rise of Germany. Germany.

The Conservative Powers: Russia The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria-Hungaryand Austria-Hungary

The forces of nationalism weakened The forces of nationalism weakened Russia and Austria-Hungary.Russia and Austria-Hungary.

Austria had alienated its Slavic-Austria had alienated its Slavic-speaking minorities by renaming speaking minorities by renaming itself the “Austro-Hungarian Empire.”itself the “Austro-Hungarian Empire.”The Empire offended Russia by The Empire offended Russia by

attempting to dominate the Balkans, attempting to dominate the Balkans, and particularly by the annexation of and particularly by the annexation of Bosnia-Herzogovina in 1908.Bosnia-Herzogovina in 1908.

Diversity and FreedomDiversity and Freedom

Ethnic diversity also contributed to instability Ethnic diversity also contributed to instability in Russia.in Russia. The spread of Russian nationalism and the Russian The spread of Russian nationalism and the Russian

language to a diverse population was divisive.language to a diverse population was divisive. In 1861 Tsar Alexander II emancipated the In 1861 Tsar Alexander II emancipated the

peasants from serfdom, but it only turned the peasants from serfdom, but it only turned the serfs into communal farmers with little money.serfs into communal farmers with little money.

Tsars Alexander III (r. 1881–1894) and Tsars Alexander III (r. 1881–1894) and Nicholas II (r. 1894–1917) opposed all forms of Nicholas II (r. 1894–1917) opposed all forms of social change.social change.

Tsar Alexander II

Tsar Alexander III

Tsar Nicholas II

Industrialization and WarIndustrialization and War

Russian industrialization was carried out Russian industrialization was carried out by the state.by the state. Caused the middle-class to remain small and Caused the middle-class to remain small and

weak while the land-owning aristocracy weak while the land-owning aristocracy dominated the court and administration. dominated the court and administration.

Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) and the Revolution of 1905 1905) and the Revolution of 1905 demonstrated Russia’s weakness and demonstrated Russia’s weakness and caused Tsar Nicholas to introduce a caused Tsar Nicholas to introduce a constitution and a parliament (the Duma), constitution and a parliament (the Duma), but he soon reverted to the traditional but he soon reverted to the traditional despotism of his forefathers. despotism of his forefathers.

Japan Joins the Great Japan Joins the Great PowersPowers

1865–19051865–1905

China and the Western China and the Western PowersPowers

At this time:At this time: China resisted Western influence and became weaker.China resisted Western influence and became weaker. Japan transformed itself into a major industrial and Japan transformed itself into a major industrial and

military power.military power. Difference can be explained by differences between Difference can be explained by differences between

Chinese and Japanese elites and their attitudes toward Chinese and Japanese elites and their attitudes toward foreign cultures.foreign cultures.

In China a “self-strengthening movement” tried to In China a “self-strengthening movement” tried to bring about reforms.bring about reforms. The government opposed railways and other technologies The government opposed railways and other technologies

that would carry foreign influences into the interior. that would carry foreign influences into the interior. They were able to slow down foreign intrusion, but denied They were able to slow down foreign intrusion, but denied

themselves the best means of defense against foreign themselves the best means of defense against foreign pressure.pressure.

Japan and the Western Japan and the Western PowersPowers

At this time, Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa At this time, Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate and local lords had significant shogunate and local lords had significant autonomy.autonomy. This system made it hard for Japan to coordinate its This system made it hard for Japan to coordinate its

response to outside threats.response to outside threats. 1853 – American Commodore Matthew C. Perry 1853 – American Commodore Matthew C. Perry

arrived in Japan with a fleet of warships and arrived in Japan with a fleet of warships and demanded the Japanese open their ports to trade demanded the Japanese open their ports to trade and American ships.and American ships.

Dissatisfaction with the shogunate's capitulation Dissatisfaction with the shogunate's capitulation to American and European demands led to a civil to American and European demands led to a civil war and the overthrow of the shogunate in 1868.war and the overthrow of the shogunate in 1868.

Commodore Matthew C. PerryCommodore Matthew C. Perry

The Meiji RestorationThe Meiji Restoration

The new rulers of Japan were known as the The new rulers of Japan were known as the Meiji oligarchs.Meiji oligarchs.

The Meiji oligarchs changed their The Meiji oligarchs changed their institutions and society to help transform institutions and society to help transform their country into a world-class industrial their country into a world-class industrial and military power.and military power. The Japanese learned industrial and military The Japanese learned industrial and military

technology, science, engineering, and even technology, science, engineering, and even clothing styles and pastimes from the West.clothing styles and pastimes from the West.

The Japanese government encouraged The Japanese government encouraged industrialization and would fund it with tax industrialization and would fund it with tax revenue.revenue.

The Birth of Japanese The Birth of Japanese ImperialismImperialism

Industrialization in Japan was accompanied Industrialization in Japan was accompanied by the development of:by the development of: Authoritarian constitutional monarchy Authoritarian constitutional monarchy Foreign policy that defined Japan’s “sphere of Foreign policy that defined Japan’s “sphere of

influence” to include Korea, Manchuria, and influence” to include Korea, Manchuria, and part of China.part of China.

Japan defeated China in a war that began Japan defeated China in a war that began in 1894, leading to the Hundred Days in 1894, leading to the Hundred Days Reform in 1898. Reform in 1898. Set the stage for Japanese competition with Set the stage for Japanese competition with

Russia for influence in the Chinese province of Russia for influence in the Chinese province of Manchuria.Manchuria.

Japanese power was further demonstrated Japanese power was further demonstrated when Japan defeated Russia in 1905 and when Japan defeated Russia in 1905 and annexed Korea in 1910. annexed Korea in 1910.