Presented By:

Abhishek Wadhwa

3.2

DATA RATE LIMITS

A very important consideration in data communications ishow fast we can send data, in bits per second, over achannel. Data rate depends on three factors:

1. The bandwidth available2. The level of the signals we use3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise)

Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate

Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity

Topics discussed in this section:

Nyquist gives the upper bound for the bit

rate of a transmission system

Nyquist theorem states that for a noiseless channel:

C = 2 B log22n

Where :C= capacity in bpsB = bandwidth in Hz

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Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000Hz transmitting a signal with two signal levels. Themaximum bit rate can be calculated as

Example 1

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Consider the same noiseless channel transmitting a signalwith four signal levels (for each level, we send 2 bits). Themaximum bit rate can be calculated as

Example 1.1

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Increasing the levels of a signal

increases the probability of an error

occurring, in other words it reduces the

reliability of the system

Shannon’s theorem gives the capacity of a channel in the presence of noise

C = B log2(1 + SNR)

Where:

C=capacity

SNR=signal to noise ration

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Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the value

of the signal-to-noise ratio is almost zero. In other words,

the noise is so strong that the signal is faint. For this

channel the capacity C is calculated as

Example 1

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We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of aregular telephone line. A telephone line normally has abandwidth of 3000. The signal-to-noise ratio is usually3162. For this channel the capacity is calculated as

Example 2

It doesn’t take noise into consideration

Nyquist formula can be used to determine how many signal levels are required to achieve that limit based on how much bandwidth is available

Shannon's result takes the noise on a line into consideration

The Shannon limit gives a theoretical maximum limit based on the signal to noise ratio

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Any Questions?

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Thank You

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