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Flood and Watershed Management: Dealing with Natural Disasters
(Building Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security)
Alok K SikkaDDG (NRM)
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
&
Technical Expert (Watershed Development),National Rainfed Area Authority,
Planning Commission, Government of IndiaNew Delhi
Natural Disaster OccurrenceEstimated economic damages (US$ X 1,000)
National Flood Commission (1980): 40 m ha Current Estimate (XII Plan): 49.814 m ha Annual average area and population affected due
to flood : 7.2 M ha and 3.19 million respectively. Brahmputra-Meghna, Ganga and Indus most
affected basins 39 districts chronically flood prone
Flood Affected Area Annually Average 7.2 M Ha Maximum 17.5 M Ha (1978) Minimum 1.096 M Ha (2006)
24%
19%
12%11%
6%5%
23%
Uttar pradesh BiharAssam West BengalOrissa Andhra PradeshOther States
source: prevention web.net
0
100
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600
700
1953
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2004
2007
2010
Cat
tle lo
st N
os. (
thou
sand
)
Year
Cattle lost Nos.Flood Damages 1953 - 2011 Maximum Average
Area affected (M ha) 17.50 (1978) 7.2
Crop affected (M ha) 12.29 (2005) 3.79
Damage to crops value (million $) 1217.9 (2003) 186.5
Cattle lost (Nos) 618248 (1979) 96593
Damage to public utilities (million $) 2918.2 (2009) 316.3
Total damaged (million $) (crop, cattle, public utilities) 5425.8 (2009) 602.0
Affecting Food & Nutritional Security
Major Flood Events in Recent Periods
1998 Assam has been suffering floods regularly since 1998.
2004 Bihar Flood
2005 Flooding in Maharshtra & Gujarat
2008 Kosi Flood in Bihar
2009 Flooding occurred across many parts of South India in Oct 2009
2010 The Leh floods occurred on 6 August 2010
2012 Brahmaputra Flood
2013 2013 North India floods in Uttarakhand0
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8
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12
14
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400
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1400
1953
1956
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Dam
age
to c
rops
are
a (
M h
a)
Dam
age
to c
rops
val
ue (
mill
ion
$)
Year
Damage to crops value, Million $Damage to crops area in, M ha
2008 Flood -Shifted Course of Kosi River after Breach Unlike earlier floods, in 2008 river changed its
path by several kilometres More than 2.5 lakh houses destroyed. Much higher submerged area (crops in 1.06 lakh
hectares were destroyed)
Sand casting in agricultural fieldat Bishanpur, Patharghat block
DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURE LANDS: Uttarakhand Flood
Asan river shifted to about 200 m at some places
Encroachment of riverine lands
Washing away agricultural field adjoining River and stream: Uttarakhand
Affected paddy fields (50 ha) Ganjam, Orissa
Submerged paddy field Kendrapara, Orissa
Submerged sugarcane field Kendrapara, Orissa
Flood Damages during Tropical Cyclone Phailin-2013-Orissa
Government’s Initiatives, Programs and Policies Policy Statement - 1954 High Level Committee On Floods – 1957 & Policy Statement of 1958 National Flood Commission (Rashtriya Barh Ayog) – 1980 Committee on flood management North- Eastern States- 1988 Committee on flood management Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, U. P.-1988 National Commission for Integrated Water Resource Development - 1999 Expert Committee to Review the Implementation of the RBA-2003 Committee to identify critical Anti-erosion scheme of Ganga Basin states – 2003 Task Force on flood Management /Erosion Control-2004 National Water Policy ( 1987/ 2002/2012)
Projects/Schemes: Centrally sponsored schemes for soil conservation/Watershed Management in
the catchments of River Valley Projects & Flood Prone Areas Critical flood control, river management, anti erosion, drainage development Flood Forecasting, flood plain zoning ISRO Disaster Management Support Program : Flood Hazard Zonation National Flood Risk Mitigation Projects- Mitigation or reduction in risk
Engineering/ Structural Measures Dams & Reservoirs Embankment Flood walls Channel Improvement River Diversion Anti Erosion Works
Non Structural Measures Flood Forecasting & Warning Flood Plain Zoning Flood Proofing
Catchment Area Treatment Watershed Management Channel Treatment
Present Status of Flood Management Activities87
275 9 4
18 9 151
020406080
100 COVERS MAJOR AND INTER STATE RIVER BASINS.
175 STATIONSINFLOW 28STAGE 147
National Guidelines on Disaster Management – Flood DisastersFlood risk and vulnerabilityEarly warning mechanismCatchment protection and river‐basin approach
Contingency crop planning for in-season and post flood period.District level Contingency Plans of 500 districts developed for floods,
drought, cyclone, etc.Flood management in flood planes: community nurseries of rice,
cultivation of submergence/flood tolerant rice varieties (eg. Swarna-sub 1), direct seeding of sprouted seeds of short duration rice cultivars,sowing of kharif pulses where rice cultivation is no more possible,promotion of raised and sunken bed techniques, tillage managementtechniquesSwamp taro Colocasia esculenta: Duration:10 months; Feb-Dec, water
chest nut, Gorgon nut, etc.
Crop Planning for Flood Prone Areas
Waterchestnut as flood resilient crop
Makhana(Euryale ferox Salisb)
RAINY SEASON : DEEP WATER
RICE (cv. Hangseswari)
Multiple use of water in seasonaly flooded areas
Grain yield 2.0-2.8 t/ha depending upon the time, depth and duration of flooding
Water productivity enhanced from nil to about Rs. 7.0 /m3
Post-monsoonMonsoon
3.5m
9.5 m9.5 m
3.5m
3.0 m
3.0 m
Dugout Area 1-1.5 m wide berm
in between bunds and trenches
Side Slope-1:1)
2.5 M
Pond based farming (Annual/Perennial)
Rice-fish
Secondary Reservoir for Multiple us Fishery, Irrigation, Horticultre/Vegetable, duck
Fish Trenches – cum- Raised beds
Duck
Fish Hatchery
28.0 29.7
81.0
132.6
93.6
020406080
100120140
Ric
e+w
heat
Ric
e-fis
h+w
heat
Fish
Tren
ch+R
aise
dbe
ds
Seco
ndar
yR
eser
voir
(Fis
h+H
ort)
Fish
inR
eser
voir
Net
Pro
fit ('
000
Rs/
ha/y
r)
Multiple use based IFS in Waterlogged areas
Vermi Compost
Coping strategies in Phallin affected Areas
In paddy, staking for the lodged crop & applicationof urea (25 kg) & MOP (10-15 kg) after drainage
Spray of streptocycline @ 0.1 g/l for protectionagainst the incidence of bacterial leaf blight.
Promotion of submergence tolerant varieties ofpaddy in next season
In sugarcane, drainage of excess water andpropping of plants followed by a booster applicationof fertilizer.
In coconut, application of COC 3g/l in afterclearing the broken/drooped leaves for young treeswhile fresh planting in place of uprooted oldertrees.
In banana, lodged plants be removed leavinggood suckers.
Earthing up and staking of affected plantationcrops and application of nutrients to minimize lossin productivity.
Integrated watershed management focused on natural, animal and social resources hasemerged as a powerful concept in development planning-a major program of agricultureand rural development
Has multiple objectives with multiple functions, with silt reduction and flood riskreduction as one of the objectives.
In the RVPs and catchment of flood prone rivers, it has helped in reducing peak runofffrom 46.6 to 1.6% and sediment production rate in the range of 17-94%.
Integrated Watershed Management
Example of Sahastradhara - Watershed Area: 64 ha(slope stabilization measures, diversion drains, contour trenches, crib structures,retaining walls, bench terracing, geo textiles, live check dams, gabion check dams andspurs)Debris outflow was brought down to 6 t/ha, as against 550t/haMonsoon runoff, reduced from 57 to 37%.Flood peaks got attenuated and ground water recharge increased
Treated WatershedUntreated watershed in the vicinity of Sahastradhara 12
Key Lessons Emphasis on non-structural measures in conjunction with structural
measures Importance of integrated flood management with coordinated
planning and development of land, water and other related resourcesin the basin.
Integrated watershed management in catchment areas to reduce silt,attenuate flood peaks and enhance pereniallity of flow down-stream.
Disaster preparedness and time bound Contingency planning. Emphasis on crop/agriculture contingency plans. More investments for better flood forecasting and timely action,
flood insurance, diversion of flood water and repair ofembankments.
Broaden flood management strategy including rehabilitation oftraditional drainage systems and productive use of flood waters.
Involving and empowering local community based institutions.
National Disaster Management Structure
Central Government Mechanism Central Water Commission (CWC) Brahmaputra Board Ganga Flood Control Commission National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
State Level Mechanism Water Resources DepartmentsFlood Control Board State Disaster Management Authority
Challenges:• Addressing climate variability and climate change• Upstream –downstream implications• Preserving ecosystems• Trans-boundary and interstate sources of risk• Coordination and converge: a major challenge
Opportunities:• Productive use of flood water /low lying areas• Breeding of submergence tolerant deep water rice varieties and aquatic
crops,• Intra-basin and Inter-basin water transfer /river linking• Diversion of flood water for groundwater recharge• Using advances in modeling and geo-informatics
Challenges and Opportunities
Areas of improvements & cooperation• Approach to ‘reducing risk at source’ rather than on ‘end‐of‐ pipe’ mitigation• Sharing of knowledge and experience and data products• Regional cooperation in trans‐boundary & interstate context• Scientific basis of understanding /academic research
Reflections & Way Forward
Combination of large, medium and small storage options Emphasis on information management, and strengthening of flood forecasting &
early warning systems using satellite based information with hydraulic and hydrologic models
Integrated flood management plans with greater focus on non-structural options Paradigm shift to emphasize on rehabilitation of natural drainage systems and water
bodies in participatory approach for improved carrying capacity. Transform adversity into opportunity by productive use of flood waters/flood prone
low lying areas adopting multiple flood water use based integrated farming systems. Development of tool kits for Community Based Disaster Risk Management
(CBDRM) Guidelines on Agriculture Disaster Management for Floods including Best Practices. Promote more use of groundwater in flood plain areas and allow flood water for
groundwater recharge Regional Dialogues for enhanced cooperation for flood risk reduction River Basin Authorities/Organizations for integrated planning and management.