GrammarGrammar

8 parts of speech8 parts of speech

1. Noun1. Noun

Person, place, thing or Person, place, thing or ideaidea Proper or commonProper or common Abstract or concreteAbstract or concrete CollectiveCollective

Proper & common Proper & common nounsnouns

Proper nouns name particular Proper nouns name particular people, places, or things. people, places, or things. These are capitalizedThese are capitalizedAnn, Montana, Sears TowerAnn, Montana, Sears Tower

Common nouns are not Common nouns are not capitalizedcapitalized woman, street, buildingwoman, street, building

PronounPronoun

Used in place of a noun or Used in place of a noun or more than one nounmore than one nounBe careful to avoid unreferenced Be careful to avoid unreferenced

or ambiguous pronounsor ambiguous pronouns

It was a beautiful day.It was a beautiful day. Jenny was arguing with Jenny was arguing with

Paula, and she looked Paula, and she looked unhappy.unhappy.

AdjectiveAdjective

Used to modify a noun or Used to modify a noun or pronounpronounWhat kindWhat kindWhich oneWhich oneHow manyHow many

Adjectives need not precede the Adjectives need not precede the modified wordmodified wordThe rat, large and ugly, sat gazing The rat, large and ugly, sat gazing

at the corn field.at the corn field.

Adjectives that modify the Adjectives that modify the subject of the sentence subject of the sentence maymay follow the verb (called a follow the verb (called a predicate adjective). These only predicate adjective). These only occur with being/linking verbs.occur with being/linking verbs.

Bethany is homely.Bethany is homely.This is called a predicate This is called a predicate

adjectiveadjective

The most commonly used The most commonly used adjectives are adjectives are a, ana, an, and , and thethe. They are often called . They are often called articles.articles.

VerbVerb A word that expresses A word that expresses

action or state of beingaction or state of beingAction verbs that take an Action verbs that take an

object are called transitive object are called transitive verbs verbs The rain lashed the windows.The rain lashed the windows.

An intransitive verb takes no An intransitive verb takes no objectobject The rain fell. The rain fell.

Linking or being verbs Linking or being verbs suggest a state or conditionsuggest a state or conditionBeing verbs – is, am, are, was, Being verbs – is, am, are, was,

were, be, being, been (others)were, be, being, been (others)Linking verbs – appear, become, Linking verbs – appear, become,

feel, grow, look, remain, seem feel, grow, look, remain, seem (others)(others)

Mildred looks very angry.Mildred looks very angry.

The verb phrase is made up of a The verb phrase is made up of a main verb and one or more main verb and one or more helping verbs. helping verbs. has played, should have paid, will has played, should have paid, will

be coming, must have been hurtbe coming, must have been hurt

AdverbAdverb Used to modify verbs and Used to modify verbs and

adjectives, or other adverbsadjectives, or other adverbsTells how, when, where, or to Tells how, when, where, or to

what extent (how often/how what extent (how often/how much)much)

Modifying a verbModifying a verbTheresa reads quickly.Theresa reads quickly.Thomas can really skate.Thomas can really skate.My parents left yesterday.My parents left yesterday.

Modifying an adjectiveModifying an adjective Bart is an incredibly intense Bart is an incredibly intense

competitor.competitor. I couldn’t tell if the unbelievably I couldn’t tell if the unbelievably

ugly dog was coming or going.ugly dog was coming or going.

Modifying another adverbModifying another adverbShe swam very fast. She swam very fast. Sean fell terribly hard on the Sean fell terribly hard on the

ice.ice.

PrepositionPreposition

Used to show the relation Used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the some other word in the sentence.sentence.ALWAYS occurs in a phraseALWAYS occurs in a phrase

The phrase, as a whole, The phrase, as a whole, operates as an adjective or operates as an adjective or adverbadverb

The noun or pronoun (in the The noun or pronoun (in the definition) is called the object definition) is called the object of the prepositionof the preposition

A short list of prepositions:A short list of prepositions:About, above, across, after, at, About, above, across, after, at,

in, by, into, of, on, over, since, in, by, into, of, on, over, since, through, throughout, to, toward, through, throughout, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, under, until, up, upon, with, before, beside, among, around, before, beside, among, around, from, for, like, since, betweenfrom, for, like, since, between

The first The first personperson in the poolin the pool wins the race.wins the race.

I edited the I edited the articlearticle for the for the magazine.magazine.

ConjunctionConjunction Joins words or groups of Joins words or groups of

wordswordsCoordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctionsCorrelative conjunctionsCorrelative conjunctionsSubordinating conjunctionsSubordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions join Coordinating conjunctions join two equal “things”two equal “things”and, but, or, nor, for, so, yetand, but, or, nor, for, so, yet Joan and Tarren are the best Joan and Tarren are the best

musicians in our school.musicians in our school. The cougar turned and ran The cougar turned and ran

through the yard.through the yard. Cattle or swine remain the only Cattle or swine remain the only

critters raised in this county.critters raised in this county.

Correlative conjunctionsCorrelative conjunctions always occur in pairs – always occur in pairs – either/or, either/or,

neither/nor, both/and, not only/but neither/nor, both/and, not only/but (also), whether/or(also), whether/or

His act was neither interesting nor His act was neither interesting nor exciting.exciting.

Either come help me in the kitchen Either come help me in the kitchen or go clean the garage.or go clean the garage.

Subordinating conjunctionsSubordinating conjunctions Used to begin subordinate Used to begin subordinate

clauses, usually adverb clauses.clauses, usually adverb clauses. This computer is even better This computer is even better

thanthan we had anticipated we had anticipated.. I will do it myself I will do it myself sincesince you you

can’t help mecan’t help me..

InterjectionInterjection Expresses emotion and has Expresses emotion and has

no grammatical relation to no grammatical relation to other words in the sentenceother words in the sentence Oh! Hurry! Wow! Ouch!Oh! Hurry! Wow! Ouch!

Don’t panic yet !Don’t panic yet !We will deal with this in We will deal with this in

small chunks, and only to a small chunks, and only to a certain depth.certain depth.