1. LESSONS LEARNED FROMPAST NOTABLE DISASTERSJAPANPART 1A: EARTHQUAKES

2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE JAPANS NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE JAPANS COMMUNITIES AT RISKCOMMUNITIES AT RISKEARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMISGOAL: DISASTERGOAL: DISASTERRESILIENCERESILIENCETYPHOONSENACT AND IMPLEMENTENACT AND IMPLEMENT FLOODSPOLICIES HAVING HIGH POLICIES HAVING HIGHBENEFIT/COST FOR BENEFIT/COST FOR LANDSLIDESCOMMUNITY COMMUNITYRESILIENCE RESILIENCEVOLCANIC ERUPTIONSGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 3. THE TECTONIC PLATES 4. REGIONAL MAP 5. EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES OCCUR FREQUENTLY INTHE PHILIPPINES AS A RESULT OFCOMPLEX INTERACTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE AND EURASIAN PLATES 6. EARTHQUAKE RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK QUAKE HAZARDSRISKBLDG. INVENTORY VULNERABILITYUNACCEPTABLE RISK LOCATION GOAL: EARTHQUAKEPHILIPPINES DISASTER RESILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONCOMMUNITIES POLICY OPTIONS PREPAREDNESSHAZARDS: PROTECTION GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE EARLY WARNING SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC EMERGENCY RESPONSE DEFORMATION RECOVERY and TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS RECONSTRUCTION 7. CAUSES OF DAMAGECAUSES OF DAMAGEINADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATIONPERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATIONEARTHQUAKESAND PLAN EARTHQUAKES DISASTERDISASTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUPLABORATORIES LABORATORIESPOOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURALELEMENTS 8. SOME OF JAPANS NOTABLEEARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCES 1923 JUNE 16, 1964 JANUARY 17, 1995MARCH 11, 2011 9. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL NOTABLEEARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESSPLANNING FORTHE INEVITABLEGROUNDSHAKING ISESSENTIAL FORCOMMUNITYRESILIENCE. 10. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL NOTABLEEARTHQUAKES PROTECTION OFBUILDINGS ANDINFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIALFOR COMMUNITYRESILIENCE. 11. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL NATURAL HAZARDS CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE. 12. THE GREAT KANTOEARTHQUAKE: SEPT 1, 1923 The Mw7.9 Great Kanto earthquake, theworst in Japanese history, struck theKanto Plain near Tokyo in 1923 andresulted in the deaths of 140,000people. The fiery conflagration that followedthe earthquake was more deadly thanthe earthquakes ground shaking. 13. THE NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE: JUNE 16, 1964 The M7.5 Niigata earthquake devastatedNiigata, located 50 km south of the epicenter,mainly as a result of massive soil failure andtsunami waves. Although the quake only left 36 dead ormissing and 385 injured, the material damagewas great: 3,534 houses destroyed, 11,000houses damaged. 14. THE GREAT HANSHIN (KOBE) EARTHQUAKE: JAN. 17, 1995 The M6.8 Kobe devastated Kobe. Ground shaking and fires togetherdestroyed over 150,000 buildingsand left about 300,000 peoplehomeless, 6,434 dead, 415,000injured, and economic losses of$200 billion 15. THE TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE: JAN. 17, 1995 The M9.0 Tojoku earthquake washuge, but its ground shaking didNOT cause the disaster that killedan estimated 21,000 people The tsunami generated by theearthquake did! 16. TOHOKU QUAKE: THE RESULT OF PLATE TECTONICS 17. AN OFFSHORE EPICENTER It only took seconds for the P-and S-waves to reach Sendai,and about 15 minutes for thetsunami waves, but what adifference in damage.. 18. THE GROUND SHAKING Strong ground shaking lasted 300seconds (compared with about 10 - 20seconds for the 1995 Kobe, Japanquake). But, the ground shaking did not causethe disaster this time; the tsunami did. 19. TOHOKU: SUMMARY OFSOCIETAL IMPACTS The earthquake ground shaking and thetsunami wave run up together causedmajor damage to 1.2 million buildings. Simultaneously, wide spread firesburned out of control. Economic losses were estimated at$574 billion. 20. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL NATURAL HAZARDS CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE. 21. WHAT COULD BE THE NEXT EARTH-QUAKE DISASTER FOR JAPAN A difficult question, but --- It is one that was being askedbefore the March 11, 2011TOHOKU earthquake disaster. 22. LOCATION OF TOKAI 23. TOKAI EARTHQUAKETECTONICS The Nankai trough marks theboundary where thePhilippines tectonic plate issubducting beneath Japan(part of the Eurasian plate). 24. TOKAI EARTHQUAKETECTONICS The section along Tokai hasnot ruptured since 1854. 25. TOKAI EARTHQUAKE TECTONICS The recurrence interval oflarge- magnitudeearthquakes along thisboundary is believed to be100-150 years. 26. TOKAI EARTHQUAKETECTONICS At present, the land near Shizuokais sinking toward the Nankaitrough at about 5 mm/yr. Japans Earthquake ResearchInstitute is on record that theTokai earthquake could happenanytime. 27. TOKAI EARTHQUAKE Before the March 11, 2011Tohoku earthquake, theGovernment of Japanexpected its next greatearthquake to be the TokaiEarthquake. 28. TOKAI EARTHQUAKE The precise area along thePacific coast- about 160 km (100mi) southwest of Tokyo-- that isexpected to be affected has beendelineated by scientific studies, And, by law, this area is thefocus of intensive preparations. 29. FORECASTS: TOKAI EARTHQUAKE Estimated deaths between7,900 and 9,200 depending onthe amount of advance warningpeople have, the time of daywhen it occurs, and thetsunami. 30. FORECASTS: TOKAI EARTHQUAKE Estimated property damage -as much as $310 billion. 31. FORECASTS: TOKAI EARTHQUAKE Landslides -- 6,449 specificlocations Structures susceptible toquake-related fires 58,402specific houses 32. TOKAI EARTHQUAKE The Government of Japan has anearly warning action plan based onthe concept of pre-slip. Pre-slip is based on laboratoryexperiments, which indicate that a rockslips for a short time before itultimately fails and generates a bigquake. 33. MONITORING: TOKAI EARTHQUAKE The Government of Japan is currentlydeploying strain meters throughout theTokai area to record the slip in order toprovide as much advance warning aspossible.