Lecture 12: The Rise of Islam

Muhammad + Mecca

Arabian Peninsula: nomadic + tribal

Worship: Kaaba Early upbringing Social inequality Revelations: Qu’ran

Journey to Medina (622)

Enemies in Mecca Hegira New Islamic community Prohibitions + legal

system Attack + triumph Secular vs. religious

Islamic Theology

Muhammad as prophet + rasul Allah

Nature of God Christians and Jews 5 Pillars of Faith:1. Profession of faith2. Prayers3. Charity4. Fasting5. Pilgrimage

The Qur'an

Mecca: Poetic Verse Medina: Legalistic Recording revelations Structure Arabic language The Hadith –

secondary text

Succession Crisis: Sunnis and Shiites

Death of Muhammad Successor: Abu Bakr Sunnis vs. Shiites Ali vs. Umayyads

The Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750)

Model of Monarchy Mu'awiyya – hereditary

succession Byzantine influence Garrison towns, new

cities Commerce + Trade Treatment of non-

Muslims “People of the book”:

Dhimmi

Muslim Conquests

Jihad Attacks on Byzantium

+ Persia Umayyad conquests House of Islam +

House of War Razzia

The Abassid Dynasty (750-945)

City of Baghdad Non-Arabs: Equality Urbanization Trade + industry

Islamic Golden Age

Value of knowledge Translations Papermaking Libraries + institutions of

learning Philosophy: Al-Kindi Literature: Arabian Nights Mathematics + Astronomy Architecture: Mosques Art: Calligraphy

Christian Reconquest of Spain

Splendor of Granada End of Umayyad

Caliphate 1085: Capture of

Toledo The Almoravids Kingdom of Granada 1492: Christian

conquest complete