Kingdom: ProtistaProtists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

Intro to Protists

Similar to BacteriaSimilar to Bacteria Unicellular One of the first groups of living things on

Earth. (1.5 billion years ago.) Microscopic Can cause disease. Can be parasites

Difference from Difference from BacteriaBacteria

Has a nucleus.

Live in watery environment.

Generally live as individual cells.

Protists vary greatly in appearance and function.

3 Categories3 Categories I. Animal-like Protists.

II. Plant-like Protists.

III. Fungus-like Protists.

I. Animal-like ProtistsI. Animal-like Protists Protozoan means “First Animal”.

Cells contain a nucleus.

Cells lack a cell wall.

They are heterotrophs.

Most can move on their own.

4 Groups of Animal-4 Groups of Animal-like Protistslike Protists

1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz)

2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts)

3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts)

4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH-uhnz)

1. Sarcodines1. Sarcodines Have pseudopods (Greek:“false foot”)

Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm.

Pseudopods are used for movement and to capture food.

Many have shells.

These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.

One type: One type: Most familiar

Sarcodine. Pseudopods: Blob shaped. Contractile

Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside

Food Vacuole: where food is digested.

Split PersonalitySplit Personality Amebas reproduce

by dividing into two new cells (binary fission).

Amebas can respond to their environment.

They are sensitive to light and some chemicals.

2. Ciliates2. Ciliates Have cilia on the

outside of their cells.

Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers.

Type: ParameciumType: Paramecium Pellicle: tough

outer wall.

Slipper shaped

Oral groove: like the mouth

Gullet: holds food.

Food Vacuole: digests food.

Anal Pore: removes wastes

2 Contractile Vacuoles

2 Nuclei

Reproduces by either binary fission or conjugation.

3. Flagellates 3. Flagellates (Zooflagellates)(Zooflagellates)

Have a Flagellum: a long whip-like structure used for movement.

Many live in animals

Symbiosis a close relationship, at least one benefits.

Mutualism: when both partners benefit.

4. Sporozoans4. Sporozoans All Sporozans are parasites.

They feed on cells and body fluids.

Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells).

Pass from one host to another.

Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans.

Plant-like Protists (Algae)Plant-like Protists (Algae)

Unicellular and Multicellular

Colonies (groups of unicellular protists)

Can move on their own

Autotrophs: make their own food from simple materials using light energy (photosynthesis).

70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-like Protists!

Pigments: chemicals that produce color

6 Groups of Plant like 6 Groups of Plant like ProtistsProtists

Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz)

Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz)

Dinoflagellates (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh-layts)

Red Algae

Green Algae

Brown Algae

1. Euglenoids1. Euglenoids Green

Unicellular

Live in fresh water

Autotrophs, but can be heterotrophs under certain conditions.

Flagella

Eyespot: sensitive to light.

Chloroplasts

Pellicle

2. Diatoms2. Diatoms Unicellular 10,000 living

species. Aquatic Glass like cell wall Diatomaceous

earth: course powder that comes from dead diatoms (toothpaste, car polish & reflective paint.

3. Dinoflagellates3. Dinoflagellates Unicellular Cell walls are like

plates of armor. Two flagella Spins when it moves. Colorful (pigments) Can glow in the dark. Causes Red Tide

Red AlgaeRed Algae Multicellular seaweeds

Live in deep ocean waters

Used for ice cream and hair conditioner

Used as food in Asia

Green AlgaeGreen Algae Most are unicellular

Some form colonies

Few are multicellular

Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places.

Very closely related to green plants.

Brown AlgaeBrown Algae Commonly called seaweed

Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments.

Attach to rocks

Have air bladders

Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long!

Used as food thickeners

III. Fungus-like III. Fungus-like ProtistsProtists

Heterotrophs

Have cell walls.

Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives.

Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds

Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)

Water & Downy MoldsWater & Downy Molds Live in water or moist

places.

Tiny threads that look like fuzz.

Attack food crops

Caused the Irish Potato Famine.

Type: Type: Reproduce by

Fruiting Bodies: The Fruiting Bodies

contain Spores. At first they look like

ameba, then later they look like mold.

Live on moist shady places.

Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.

Phylum Phylum SarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora

The phylum Sarcomastigophora includes many abundant and ecologically important forms. All are either unicellular or colonial, and may be either autotrophic or heterotrophic . There are two main groups, the flagellates (subphylumMastigophora ) and the amoebas (subphylum Sarcodina ).

Phylum ApicomplexaPhylum Apicomplexa The Apicomplexa (also referred to

as Apicomplexia) are a large group of protists, most of which possess a unique organelle called apicoplast and an apical complex structure involved in penetrating a host's cell. They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively[1]parasites of animals. 

The name of the taxon Apicomplexa is derived from two Latin words — apex (top) and complexus (infolds) — and refers to a set of organelles in thesporozoite. 

Phylum CiliophoraPhylum Ciliophora The Phylum Ciliophora("Ciliates")

consists of a wide array of Protists characterized by the presence of Cilia over at least some of their cell surface during at least part of their life cycle. Cilia are are similar to flagella except they are generally much shorter than the length of the cell. 

Phylum CiliophoraPhylum Ciliophora

Phylum MesozoaPhylum Mesozoa The Mesozoa are

enigmatic, minuscule, worm-like parasites of marine invertebrates. It is still unclear as to whether they are degenerate  platyhelminthes (flatworms) or truly-primitive, basal metazoans.

Characteristics of Characteristics of MesozoaMesozoa

1)Bilaterally symmetrical. 2)Has no organs or tissues. 3)Body contains no internal cavity. 4)Body possesses no digestive tract (gut). 5)Body only two cell layers in most places. 6)Has no nervous system. 7)Has some cells develop inside other cells. 8)Reproduction quite complex involving both sexual and asexual aspects. 9)All are endoparasites on other marine invertebrates.

Phylum PlacozoaPhylum Placozoa Placozoans are tiny amazing animals.

Very little is known about them because they have never been observed in their natural habitat. No one knows what substrate they live on or what they eat in nature. It is even unknown whether or not they reproduce sexually like most animals.

They were discovered in the late 1880's living on the glass walls of an aquarium in a European laboratory. Since then, most of what has been learned about their biology has come from studying cultures of them kept alive in various laboratories around the world. Not surprisingly, given their small size and squishy nature, fossil placozoans have yet to be discovered.

Phylum PlacozoaPhylum Placozoa

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