1. THE MIDDLE AGES By Victoria Kanevsky

2. The term Middle Ages was coined by the Italian historian Falvio Biondo in the 15th century It is literally a middle period in the history of the world because it is sandwiched in between the classical period of Greek and Roman civilization and the Renaissance Period from 410 (the sacking of Rome) to the approximately 1500 with the beginning of Renaissance THE MIDDLE AGES 3. Early or Low Middle Ages from 500- 1000 Dark Ages because of the social chaos following the fall of Rome and loss of Greek and Roman culture a time when the forces of darkness (barbarians) overwhelmed the forces of light (Romans) Late or High Middle ages from 1000- 1500 Bubonic Plague Great Schism Magna Carta LOW AND HIGH MIDDLE AGES 4. Middle Ages gave us the concept of the nation Marked beginning of representative government, capitalism, universities, experimental science, the Catholic and Orthodox Churches Characterized by superstition, illiteracy and feudalism Effects of Crusades territorial expansion/military order Guild and communes Towns, cities and manors New thinkers (Thomas Aquinas) and writers Creation of universities New art and architecture (gothic, castles) Knighthood and chivalry Courtly entertainment (fables, playwrights) IMPORTANCE OF MIDDLE AGES 5. The Early Middle Ages had no clear-cut beginning The fall of Rome to Visigoths, a Germanic tribe (also called barbarians) marked the end of the ancient world and start of the medieval In 476, emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed and the first non-Roman kings took place NOTE: only western half of the Roman Empire collapse, the eastern part became the Byzantine Empire and lasted another thousand years THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS AND THE FALL OF ROME 6. THE RISE OF CHARLAMAGNE (768-814) Charlamagne was the son and successor of Pepin, the Short who began the Carolingian Dynasty Became one of the greatest military leaders and an extraordinary politician to rule medieval Europe Expanded the kingdom until it was the largest, most powerful and the most efficiently run kingdoms in Europe since the Roman Empire 7. EXPANDING THE EMPIRE 8. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) restored Pope Leo III who had been exiled In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne and named him the Emperor of the Romans which secured the relationship between Frankish kings and the papacy Charlemagne became the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a dynasty that would last for more than 700 years Charlemagne- imposed order on empire through the Church and state Ordered the standardization of Latin, textbooks, manuals for preaching, schools for clergy and people, new form of handwriting All these promoted education and scholars and produced a precise written language (Latin) THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR 9. FEUDAL SYSTEM 10. HOW FEUDALISM WORKS Church gave monarchs the right to rule over certain lands The kings then subdivided those lands into territories and granted parts of these lands to subordinate nobles These nobles then gave some parts of the land to knights who would then give some land to their vassals who in turn had commoners or serfs who farmed the land 11. Was both a political and economic system of government Serfs were property of the lords could be sold as slaves Contracts between vassal and lords vassals provided military service in return for land from the ruling monarchs Political power held by ruling lords was treated as his possession right to rule was a private matter and this power could be divided among heirs, bought and sold and given as part of marriage contract Complete fragmentation of political power central government was absent as large political units such as kingdoms and empires disappeared power in the hands of local lords CHARACTERISTICS OF FEUDALISM 12. One of the most dominant forces in the religious social and political life of Europe Clerics were one of the only literate groups in society and therefore occupied many positions in civil government In absence of centralized government, Church served as united, respected and universal force in the West Pope was the supreme head of the church Had crusading armies to battle infidels and heretical Christians Pope could interdict or excommunicate an entire kingdom CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE PAPACY 13. MONASTICISM AND SAINTS Monks were people who gave up worldly possessions and devote themselves to a religious life Established between 400 -700 communities called monasteries which became centers of education, literacy and learning Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of St. Benedict Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted as evidence of a special relationship with God St. Augustine- wrote Confessions which discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of Church 14. Crusades were holy wars launched by Christians during the later Middle Ages to win the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Muslim control Began in 1095 under Pope Urban II and lasted until 1272 when King Louis IX of France led the largest and best-equipped of all the crusading armies into the Middle East to recapture Jerusalem Crusades occurred while feudalism was the dominant political system and papacy served as the only unifying institution in Christendom Crusaders illustrates the power of faith during the period most crusaders fought in hopes of attaining eternal salvation THE CRUSADERS 15. CRUSADERS VIDEO 16. THE BLACK DEATH Hulton Archive/Getty Images 17. 11th Century Schism Church split into two independent branches Eastern Orthodox (Greek) based in Constantinople and Roman Catholic in Rome 14th Century Schism When French Pope Clement V moved the papacy to Avignon from Rome Internal struggle lasted over 100 years before papacy reestablished in Rome 16th Century Protestant Reformation SCHISM OF THE CHURCH 18. Refers to the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 Emperor Constantine had transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantium Survived because was not affected by Barbarian invasions and because of its efficient bureaucracy and economic stability Emperor was Head of State and Head of Church (unlike in the Western kingdoms) BYZANTINE EMPIRE 19. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 20. Byzantine Emperor sought to reunite the Roman world as a Christian Empire and suppressed all paganism Ordered the codification of Roman laws in the Justinian Code or Body of Civil Law that defined civil law in the Middle Ages and the modern world During his reign, Latin was the official language of the Byzantine Empire, but was later changed to Greek (another difference between two regions) JUSTINIAN THE GREAT 21. Cooperative learning groups reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire Role of Christianity in the fall or survival of the Roman Empire Compare and contrast Charlamagnes Empire with Byzantine Empire Compare and contrast Roman Catholic Church with Eastern Orthodox Church Become part of the medieval life have students take on roles of different groups in the feudal system and describe their daily lives and roles in the Middle Ages Build a medieval community have students build communities using We Rule Quest App LESSON PLAN IDEAS 22. 1215 signed at Runnymede honored the rights and privileges of noblemen Primary Source Document Small group (cooperative learning) http://faculty.washington.edu/q taylor/documents_us/magna_ca rta_1215.htm Points of Discussion Significance of the document The terms of Magna Carta What issues and rights does the document address MAGNA CARTA GREAT CHARTER 23. CLOISTERS MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE