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the intragenic concept as the isolation of specific genetic elements from a plant, recombination of these elements in vitro and insertion of the resulting expression cassettes into a plant belonging to the same sexual compatibility group

INTRAGENIC

Rommens et.al.(2004)

WELCOME

AMOL DADARAO SABLEM.SC (II Year) Plant breeding & molecular geneticsamolsable786@gmail.com

Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative Approach

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What is Plant Breeding?

The genetic adjustment of plants to the service of humankind --Sir Otto Frankel

Plant breeding can be define as a science as well as an art of improving the genetic make up of plant in relation to their economic use.

Plant breeding consist of the principles and the method required for favourably changing the genetic constituation of crop plant. This activity usually produces crop varieties better suited to human needs.

--B.D. Singh

ASHISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING

In broad sense history of plant breeding can be divided into Four parts

1. Pre Mendelian era:- before 1900.

2. Mendelian era:- 1900 to 1920.

3. Post Mendelian era:- 1921 to 1950.

4. Modern era:- after 1950.

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1. Pre Mendelian Era:-

1717: Thomas Fairchild: Developed first Inter specific hybrid between sweet William and Carnation Species

of Dianthus popularly known as Fair Child’s mule.

1823: Knight: Dominance, Recessiveness, and segregation observed in peas

1866: Mendel G.J (Austria): published his discoveries in “Experiments in plant hybridization”, cumulating in the formulation of laws of inheritance in garden

pea and discovery of unit factors (genes).

1890: Rimpu (Sweden): First made inheritance cross between bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye

(Secale cereale), which later on gave birth to triticale.

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2. Mendelian era:-

1900: DE VARIES (HOLLAND) CORRENS (GERMANY) TSCHERMAK (AUSTRIA) REDISCOVERED MENDEL LAWS OF INHERITANCE

INDEPENDENTLY.

1900: NILSON, H (SWEDISH): ELABORATED INDIVIDUAL PLANT SELECTION METHOD IN SWEDEN.

1903: JOHANNSEN W.L: PROPOSED THE PURELINE THEORY THAT PROVIDED THE GENETIC BASIS FOR INDIVIDUAL PLANT SELECTION AND ALSO COINED THE TERMS GENOTYPE,

PHENOTYPE AND PURELINE.

1908: DEVENPORT, C.B: FIRST PROPOSED DOMINANCE HYPOTHESIS OF HETEROSIS.

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Mendelian era:-

1908: Shull, G.H (US) East, E.M (US) proposed over dominance hypothesis independently working with maize

1914: Shull, G.H: First used the term heterosis for hybrid vigour

1917: Jones developed first commercial hybrid maize and proposed dominance of linked gene hypothesis.

1919: Hays, H.K. Garber, R.J Gave initial idea about recurrent selection. They first suggested use of synthetic

varieties for commercial cultivation in maize.

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3. Post Mendelian era:-

1926: East, E.M and Mangelsdorf, A.J: First discovered gametophytic system of self incompatibility in Nicotiana sanderae.

1926: Pioneer Hi-bred Corn Company established as first Seed Company.

1927: Muller produced mutations in fruit flies using x-rays.

1927: Karpencheko developed first intergeneric hybrid between Radish and Cabbage in Russia.

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Post Mendelian era:-

1944: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty: Described the transforming principle and suggested that DNA,

not protein, is the hereditary material.

1945: Hull, F.H: Coined the terms recurrent selection and overdominance working with maize.

1950: Hughes and Babcock: First discovered sporophytic system of self incompatibility in Crepis

foetida.

1950: McClintock discovered the Ac-Ds system of transposable elements.

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4. Modern era:-

1953: Watson, Crick, and Wilkins proposed a model for Double Helical Structure of DNA.

1964: Borlaug, N.E: Developed high yielding semi dwarf varieties of wheat which resulted in green

revolution.

1965: Graphius, J.E: First applied Single Seed Descent (SSD) method in oats.

1970: Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution

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Modern era:-

1970: Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the Recombinant DNA technology.

1983: Fraley et al.: Development of first transgenic (Genetically engineered) plant tobacco in USA.

1987: Monsanto: Developed world’s transgenic cotton plant in USA.

1994: “FlavrSavr” tomato developed as first genetically modified food produced for the market by calgene company of

California.

2005: Govt. of India: Approved cultivation of some Bt cotton hybrids in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.

ASINSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING IN INDIA

1871: The Government of India created the Department of Agriculture.

1901-05: Agricultural Colleges were established at Kanpur, Pune, Sabour, Llyalpur, Coimbatore.

1905: The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was established in Pusa, Bihar.

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1934: The buildings of the institute damaged in earthquake.

1936: Shifted to New Delhi.

1946: Name was changed Indian Agricultural Research Institute.

1960: First Agricultural University established at Pantnagar, Nainital, U.P.

ASSome Indian Plant BreederSr No. Scientists Contribution

1 T.S. Venkatraman An eminent sugarcane breeder, he transferred thick stem and high sugar contents from tropical noble cane (Saccharum officinanum) to North Indian Canes (Saccharum barberi). This process is known as Noblization of sugarcane.

2 B.P. Pal An eminent Wheat breeder, developed superior disease resistant varieties of wheat and also first director general of ICAR.

3 M.S. Swaminathan

Responsible for green revolution in India, developed high yielding dwarf varieties of Wheat and Rice.

4 Pushkarnath A Famous potato breeder who developed several high yielding varieties of potato. He was the Director of CPRI, Shimala.

ASSome Indian Plant BreederSr No. Scientists Contribution

5 N.G.P. Rao An eminent sorghum breeder who developed the world’s first hybrid of sorghum(CSH-1).

6 K. Ramaiah A renowned rice breeder. He developed several high yielding varieties of rice when he was the Director of CRRI, Cuttack.

7 K. Athwal Famous pearlmillet breeder. He worked in PAU, Ludhiana and developed several superior varieties.

8 Bosisen An eminent maize breeder. He Developed several varieties of maize for Hill region of Uttranchal

9 Dharampal Singh An eminent oil-seed breeder. He released several varieties of oil-seeds(Rapeseed and Mustard) from Kanpur.

10 C.T. Patel Famous cotton breeder who developed world’s first cotton hybrid(H-4) in 1970 known as FATHER of Hybrid Cotton.

11 V. Santhanam Famous cotton breeder.

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Why Plant Breeding??Increased global human population (shown here in billions of people) will

lead to increased demand for food, fiber and energy: improving plant genetics is one tool

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1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

Adapted from http://www.census.gov/population/popclockworld.html

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OBJECTIVE OF PLANT BREEDING

HIGHER YIELD

IMPROVED QUALITY

DISEASE RESISTANCE

VARIETIES FOR NEW SEASONS-

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The prime objective of plant breeding is to develop superior plants over the existing ones in relation to their economic use. The objectives of plant breeding differ from crop to crop. A brief account of some important objectives are-

1. Higher productivity- Increased yield has been the ultimate aim of most plant breeders. This can be achieved by developing more efficient genotypes having greater physiological efficiency.

2. Improved quality- Improved quality of agricultural products has contributed a lot to the human well-being. Quality characters vary from one crop to another crop. For example, Grain size, colour , milling, and baking qualities in wheat (Triticum aestivum).

3. Disease and Insect Resistance- Resistance varieties offer the cheapest and most convenient method of disease and insect management. In some cases, they offer only feasible means of control. eg. Rust in Wheat.

OBJECTIVES OF PLANT BREEDING

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4. Varieties for new seasons- The varieties for new seasons have been developed by adjusting the growth cycle of the variety to suit better to the available growing season. Traditionally maize is a kharif crop but, scientists are now able to grow maize throughout the year. Similarly, Mung is now grown as a summer crop in addition to the main kharif crop.

5. Modification of agronomic characteristics- modification of agronomic characteristics such as plant height, tillering, branching, erect or trailing habit etc. is often desirable. For example, dwarfness in cereals is generally associated with lodging resistance and fertilizer responsiveness.

6. Change in maturity duration- It permits new crop rotations and often extends the crop area. Development of wheat varieties suitable for late planting has permitted rice-wheat rotation. This objective is more desirable especially in those areas where multiple cropping system has been followed.

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Methods of plant

breeding

Introduction

Selection

Hybridization

Mutation

Tissue culture

Genetic engineering

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Selection:Select a single or group plants which have desirable characters than other from a mixed population containing variation.

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Types of selections

Mass selection

Pure line selection

Pedigree method

Bulk method selection

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Pureline refers to the homogenous progeny of a self pollinated homozygous plant.

Mass selection is a method of breeding in which individual plants are selected on the basis of phenotype from a mixed population , their seeds are bulked and used to grow the next generation.

ASHYBRIDIZATION:

it refers to cross (mating) between difference genotypes in genetic to transfer one character or some characters.

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Mutation breedingMutation breeding sometimes referred to as “ variation breeding”, is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars. Using a radiation and chemical i.e X-ray, gamma ray, EMS,MMS,etc

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Crop Mutant variety Breedr seed (q) produced/year

Groundnut TAG24 855.0

TAG41 185.5

TG26 157.2

Barely RD2035 134.0

Soyabean NRC-7 100.4

Chickpea Pusa-547 91.0

BREEDER SEED REQUIREMENT FOR SOME MUTANT VARIETIES RELEASED IN INDIA

Jagannath rice is a gamma ray induced semidawarf mutant from the tall cultivar T141; it has an improved resistance to lodging, higher yield and is the more responsive in fertilizer application than the parent variety.

B.D.Singh

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GENETIC ENGINEERING

“Because biotechnology is such a revolutionary science, and has spawned such a powerful industry. It has great potential to reshape the world around us. It is already changing agriculture and what many of us eat. Any major mistakes could lead to tragic and perhaps permanent changes in the natural world. For these reasons, future generations are likely to look back to our time and either thank us or curse us for what we do – about GMOs and biosafety Doing the right thing is not simple.” CBD & UNEP 2003

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What is GM crops/ food?

According to ‘World Health Organisation’

“Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way at does not occur naturally, i.e. through the introduction of a gene from a different organism.

Transgenic plants - Produced by inserting genes from virtually any organism into plants.

Genetically Modified Plant

ASGM Crops are described by many different

names – • Genetically Engineered crops(GE)• Transgenic or Biotech crops • Genetically Modified Organism(GMO)

BT GeneBT Gene inserted into DNA of the crop

Genetically Modified Plant

Injected

ASThe first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982, using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant.

The first genetically modified crop approved for sale in the U.S., in 1994, was the FlavrSavr tomato, which had a longer shelf life, as it took longer to soften after ripening.

As of mid-1996, a total of 35 approvals had been granted to commercially grow 8 transgenic crops and one flower crop of carnations, with 8 different traits in 6 countries plus the EU. In 2000, with the production of golden rice, scientists genetically modified food to increase its nutrient value for the first time.

HISTORY

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• Transformation of plant by Agrobacterium tumefaciens:

GENE TRANSFER METHOD

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AS Protoplast Fusion to create plant hybrids• Degrade cell wall with cellulase• A cell lacking a cell wall is called

a protoplast• The protoplasts from different

species of plants can be fused together to create a hybrid

• The fused protoplasts grow in nutrient agar for a few weeks

• The colonies are then transferred to media to induce root and shoot growth

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Leaf Disk Method for A. t. Mediated Transformation

Leaf Disk Preparation Co-cultivation with Agrobacterium Selection for Transformation

Regeneration of Shoots

ASLeaf Fragment Technique• Small discs of leaf

incubated with genetically modified Agrobacterium Ti plasmid

• Treat with hormones to stimulate shoot and root development

ASTransformation by Gene Gun Method• Blast tiny metal

beads coated with DNA into an embryonic plant cell

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Genetically modified crops

Insect Resistance

Herbicide Tolerance

Drought resistance

Yield increase

Nutrient Enhancement

Virus Tolerance

ADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS

ASInsect Resistance (IR) Insect pests have become an integral part of agricultural crops worldwide and

significantly reduce yield of the plants. So IR trait is inserted into crops. IR trait is helpful in following ways•Reduction in Insecticide spraying•Targeting of the insecticide solely to the plant to be protected .

GM plant

Killed European Corn Borer

Toxin is Present

European Corn Borer(Insect)

ASHerbicide ToleranceOver 63% of Gm crops grown globally have herbicide tolerance traits. Herbicide tolerance is achieved through the introduction of a gene from a bacteriumconveying resistance to some herbicides. In situations where weed pressure is high, theuse of such crops has resulted in a reduction in the quantity of the herbicides used.

GM cropGM Crop(Unaffected)

Weed KilledWeed

Herbicide Spray

Result OfHerbicide Spray

ASVirus ResistanceVirus resistance makes plants less susceptible to diseases caused by such viruses,

resulting in higher crop yields.

For Example- Hawaiian Papaya- Hawaiian papaya is made resistant to the

devastating effects of Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV).

Hawaiian Papaya Papaya Ring Spot Virus

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Bt-cotton - First GM crop – 2002Second in global cotton productionArea – 8.0 million hectares – 2008Yield gain - 31%Reduction in pesticide sprays – 39%

Bt- COTTON

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NUTRITIONAL QUALITY

*Amelioration of Vitamin A deficiency

“Golden Rice”

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ASSTATISTICS

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Genetically Modified foods: harmful

ASMYTHS RELATED TO GENETIC MODIFICATION

•  Foods produced using biotechnology has not been  established as safeand are not adequately regulated.

•  Crops produced using biotechnology will negatively impact  the environment.

• The long term effects of foods developed using biotechnology are unknown.

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Disadvantages of GM crops

Allergenicity Gene transfer Outcrossing Super Weeds

ASOut-crossing

The movement of genes from GM plants into conventional crops or related species in

the wild (referred to as “out crossing”), as well as the mixing of crops derived from

conventional seeds with those grown using GM crops, may have an indirect effect on

food safety and food security.

pollens

Direction of wind

GM Crops Conventional crops

AS Super Weeds :A wild plant that has been accidentally pollinated by a genetically-modified plant and now contains that plant's abilities to resist herbicides and insects.Glyphosate is the chemical name for an herbicide. Certain invasive grasses and weeds have proven themselves to be resistant to glyphosate, meaning that the herbicide is no longer effective against these plants.Examples of weeds resistant to Glyphosate• Common Ragweed• Italian Ryegrass

Super Weeds

pollens

WeedGM Crop

Cross Pollination of GM crop With Weeds

Super Weed

Herbicide Spray

GM Crop Super Weed

No Effect of Herbicide Spray

GM Crop

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Farmers fate , hungers and malnutrition are barriers in developing nations

5/22/2015 MAHESH R HAMPANNAVAR

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Breeder who facing failure to come up with potential variety

MAHESH R HAMPANNAVAR

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Respect the nature Nature for our desire not for grid ………

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WHAT IS SOLUTION FOR ALL THESE?

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MAHESH R HAMPANNAVAR 575/22/2015

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Cisgenesis

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CISGENIC

Schouten et al. (2006)

“A cisgenic is a crop plant that has been genetically modified with one or more genes isolated from crop plant”

ASReferences• Plant breeding by B.D Singh • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plantbreeding • http://en.wekepidia.com• http://www.ornl.gov• http://www.brighthub.com• http://www.csa.com• http://www.actionbioscience.org• http://www.geneticallymodifiedfoods.co.uk• “Saru” magazine (1994), Faculty of Agriculture University of Peradeniya.• Genetically engineered crops, (2007), HFAPP, New York• Genetic modification in the food industry a strategy for good quality

improvement, (1998), Blackie Academic London.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plantbreeding

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Discussion

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