Adding Value through Protected Areas

Patrick ten Brink TEEB for Policy Makers Co-ordinator

Head of Brussels Office

Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)

building on presentation by

Marianne Kettunen IEEP Coordinator of TEEB Ch8: Protected Areas and on work by

with Berghöfer, A., Bruner, A., Conner, N., Dudley, N., Ervin, J., Gidda, S. B., Mulongoy, K. J., Pabon, L., Vakrou, A. et al

International conference "Integration of the ecosystem services in the economy NIS"

28-29 March 2011, settlement Dubrovsky, Moscow Region

1

TEEB and Protected Areas

Protected areas, regarded as a safe haven for nature’s

jewels, are central to global efforts to conserve biodiversity.

There are already over 120,000 designated protected areas

covering around 12.9% of the Earth’s land surface.

Marine protected areas still cover 6.3% of territorial seas and

0.5% of the high seas - but they are also increasing rapidly in

number and area.

- IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 2010 –

- Objective is to

Protected Areas

© M. Kettunen

The value of protected areas: Benefits – costs – benefits vs. costs

Benefits from protected areas: water

• 1/3 of the world’s 100 largest

cities draw a large part of their drinking water from PAs.

• PAs & forests purify water for NY

city = US$ 6 billion (total) savings

in water treatment costs

• Venezuela’s national PA system

prevents sedimentation that

would reduce farm earnings by

around US$ 3.5 million/year.

Dudley and Stolton 2003, Pabon-Zamora et al. 2009

Benefits from protected areas:

climate regulation

• Mitigation: 15% of global

terrestrial carbon stock is

contained in PAs

• Adaptation: PAs can reduce

climate change induced risks

of landslides, floods and

storms by stabilising soil,

providing space for

floodwaters to disperse,

blocking storm surges.

Campbell et al. 2008

Benefits from protected areas: food security

© Map: Conservation Magazine 2008 (9/4), Pictures: www.buyorganic.com.au, www.preparednesspro.wordpress.com/2009/04/, http://upload.wikimedia.org

In situ conservation of crop wild relatives provides fresh crop

breeding material & helps to maintain food security

Benefits from protected areas: food security

Marine Protected Areas

(MPAs) can support the

recovery of fish stocks.

A review of 112 studies in 80 MPAs: fish

populations, size & biomass all

dramatically increased inside reserves,

allowing spill-over to nearby fishing

grounds. (Halpern 2003)

Note: Need to address

short-term costs of

restricted access before

long-term benefits arise

Benefits from protected areas: employment

• Bolivia - PA tourism generates over 20,000 jobs,

indirectly supporting over 100,000 people.

• New Zealand (the west coast of South Island) – in 2004 PAs

provided 15% of total jobs and created 10% of total

spending in the region.

• Finland: Visitor spending in national parks supports local

employment by creating 893 person-years of

employment.

• Wales: PAs support nearly 12,000 jobs, produce a total

income of approximately € 250 million and generate € 300

million in GDP.

Butcher Partners 2005, Pabon-Zamora et al. 2009, Metsahallitus & Metla 2009, National Trust 2006

Benefits from protected areas: tourism

• Germany: National park Wattenmeer in Germany is

responsible of around 23 per cent of total tourists in the

region, with associated gross economic income of over

EUR 100 million in 2003 (Neidlein & Walser 2005).

• France: Annual income of Parc du Mecantour amounts to

roughly € 3.8 million per year (Credoc 2008)

• Finland: Due to visitor spending, 1 EUR investment in

national parks & key recreational areas provides 20 EUR

return (Metsahallitus & Metla 2009).

http://www.sacred-destinations.com

• PA management costs

• Loss of access to resources

• Foregone opportunities

• Human-wildlife conflict

• Displacement

Costs related to protected areas

Globally & nationally: benefits > costs

• Globally - PA network covering 15% of the land and 30% of

the sea: costs ~US$ 45 billion / year vs. benefits from the

ecosystems of ~US$ 4.4 trillion / year (Balmford et al. 2005)

• Brazil’s Amazon - benefits from ecosystems within PAs

draw three times more money into the state economy than

the most likely alternative use (extensive cattle ranching) (Amend et al. 2007)

• Scotland - ecosystems protected by Natura 2000 sites

provide public three times more benefits than associated

costs (Jacobs 2004)

Designation as protected area

…

Before

designation as

protected area

Costs

Ecological services that

would have remained without protected area

Risk of degradation and

loss of value of services without protected area

Additional benefits

from designation, management and

investment

Opportunity Costs

Cost of management,

implementation, investment, control

Time

Policy On

Policy Off

Globally & nationally: benefits > costs

Benefits of conservation / sustainable use higher

than benefits of land convertion !

Leuser National Park on Sumatra, Indonesia Distribution of ecosystem benefits

Sources: van Beukering, P.J.H., H.S.J. Cesar, M.A. Janssen (2003). Economic valuation of the Leuser National Park on Sumatra, Indonesia. Ecological

Economics 44, pp 43-62. and van Beukering, P.J.H., H.S.J. Cesar, M.A. Janssen (2002). Economic valuation of the Leuser Ecosystem in Sumatra. In:

Conservation Dividents? ASEAN Biodiversity Vol 2. Nr. 2, 17-24.

Local

community

“best option”

Logging

industry “best

option”

What is “best” depends on who you are –

understanding who wins and who stands to lose in decisions is paramount.

Summary

PAs, designated for biodiversity values, offer economic benefits

These economic benefits can be significantly larger than the

costs

Some benefits real market, some in due course real (e.g. carbon

values/markets), others wellbeing/welfare values

Public and private values, incentives and interests may differ

Need for public policy to protect key biodiversity and invest in

PAs

One immediate priority is marine protected areas (MPAs).

Another priority is sustainable financing.

Critical for both is communicating the value of nature – intrinsic

and the value for society/economy.

Thank you TEEB Reports available on http://www.teebweb.org/

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in National and International Policy Making and other TEEB books

available on Earthscan

and follow us on http://twitter.com/TEEB4ME & http://www.facebook.com/TEEB4me

Patrick ten Brink, ptenbrink@ieep.eu

Marianne Kettunen, Mkettunen@ieep.eu

IEEP is an independent, not-for-profit institute dedicated to the analysis, understanding and promotion of policies for a sustainable environment.

www.ieep.eu

The Manual of European Environmental Policy

http://www.europeanenvironmentalpolicy.eu/

TEEB Reports: http://www.teebweb.org/

Summaries (in range of languages) and chapters

Contribution to Governance solutions -

Understanding the value of nature

Book announcement:

The Economics of Ecosystems and

Biodiversity in National and International

Policy Making now available from Earthscan

TEEB Interim Report (May 2008)

TEEB for Policy Makers (Nov 2009)

TEEB for Business (July 2010)

TEEB for Local Policy (Sept. 2010)

Climate Issues Update (Sept. 2009)

TEEB Synthesis (Oct. 2010)

TEEB Foundations (Oct. 2010)

Edited By Pushpam Kumar (Univ. of Liverpool)

'A landmark study on one of the most pressing

problems facing society, balancing economic growth

and ecological protection to achieve a sustainable

future.‘

Simon Levin, Moffett Professor of Biology,

Department of Ecology and Ev olution Behav iour,

Princeton Univ ersity , USA

Edited By Patrick ten Brink (Institute for European environmental Policy, IEEP)

'This work is a landmark. It shows not only that we have been extraordinarily wasteful,

destructive and inefficient in our treatment of the natural environment but also how careful

analysis and measurement can help us change our ways towards a more productive and

responsible relationship with our environment. It provides a fundamental contribution which shows how careful attention to ecosystems and biodiversity can help guide our response to the

two defining challenges of our century: managing climate change and overcoming poverty.‘

Professor Nicholas Stern, London School of Economics

TEEB reports and TEEB Books