Section 4, Chapter 2Organic Molecules

Organic MoleculesMolecules that contain carbon

Organic SynthesisSmall molecules (monomers) join together to form larger molecules (polymers)

Monomer portion of a polymer

Atomic Number of Carbon = 62 electrons in 1st shell4 electrons in 2nd shell

Empty space for covalent bonding

Note there are 4 empty spaces in the 2nd shell available for covalent bonds.

Covalent Bonds formed by Carbon

C6

12.01

Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

Carbon to Carbon bonds can form long chains

Carbon can also form double or even triple bonds

hydrocarbon

Examples of covalent bonds formed by carbon

Large organic molecules, called polymers consist of repeating subunits, called monomers.

Polymers and Monomers

Example: Starch is a polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules (monosaccharides) joined together.

Monosaccharide (simple sugars)Disaccharides (double sugars)

Polysaccharides(complex carbohydrates)

Monomer Polymer

Amino Acids Proteins

Fatty Acids + Glycerol Fats**Not truly a polymer

Nucleotides Nucleic Acids

major organic macromolecules of the cell

Simple carbohydrates = sugarsMonosaccharidesDisaccharides

Complex CarbohydratesAlso called PolysaccharidesComposed of several simple carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

monosaccharidesTwice as many Hydrogen as Oxygen atomsExample: Glucose (C6H12O6)

disaccharides2 monosaccharides bonded together

Examples of disaccharides

polysaccharide

Built of simple carbohydrates

Starch – easily digested

Cellulose- Plant polysaccharide, indigestible by humans

Glycogen – storage form of energy, synthesized by liver

examples of polysaccharides

Glycogen

LIPIDS

Includes: Fats, Phospholipids, and Steroids

Fats (Triglycerides)

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules

Building blocks of fats

nonpolar moleculesThey are soluble in oils, but insoluble in water

Fatty Acids

1. Carboxyl end 2. Hydrocarbon chain

Carboxylgroup

Fatty Acids

Saturated = all single carbon to carbon bonds

Unsaturated = one or more carbon to carbon

double bonds

Glycerol Molecule

OH (in red) represents sites of fatty acid attachments

Triglyceride (fat)

1 glycerol 3 fatty acids

Unsaturated fat

Phospholipids

Building Blocks of phospholipids:1 glycerol molecule2 fatty acid molecules1 phosphate group

Phospholipids are modified triglycerides

Polar region (hydrophilic)

Nonpolar region(hydrophobic)

Phospholipids

Types of Steroids

1. Cholesterol

2. Sex Hormones• Testosterone• Estrogen• Progesterone

End of section 4, Chapter 2

SteroidsConnected rings of carbon atoms