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AlcoholGoldberg Chapter 6
SOC 204 Drugs & Society
Is someone close to you an alcoholic?
A. Yes, more than one person
B. Yes, one person
C. No
Yes, m
ore th
an one p
erson
Yes, o
ne per
son No
55%
23%23%
Alcohol
• Fermentation
• Distillation
• Proof
Pharmacology• Absorption• Distribution• Metabolism• Mechanism of Action• BLOOD ALCOHOL
CONTENT
Alcohol is metabolized in your liver
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%
100%
You can increase your rate of metabolizing
alcohol by exercise or by taking caffeine
A. True
B. False
True
False
92%
8%
Alcohol’s Effects
• Alcohol acts on the cerebrum affecting
▫ Judgment
▫ Reasoning
▫ Inhibitions
▫ Motor activity
▫ Impairs the senses
• Mouse Party
BAC (%)
Behavioral Effects
•0.05 Lowered alertness, release of inhibitions, impaired
judgment
•0.10 Slower reaction times, impaired motor function, less
caution
•0.15 Large, consistent increases in reaction time
•0.20 Marked depression in sensory and motor capability,
intoxication
•0.25 Severe motor disturbance, staggering, great impairment
•0.30 Stuporous but conscious—no comprehension of what’s
going on
•0.35 Surgical anesthesia; about LD1, minimal level causing
death
•0.40 About LD50
Alcohol primarily impacts this part of
the brain:
A. Limbic system
B. Cerebellum
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Basal ganglia
Limbic
syst
em
Cerebellu
m
Cerebra
l cort
ex
Basal g
anglia
0% 0%
42%
58%
Alcohol sedates by increasing
glutamate’s action – an agonist
response.
A. True
B. False
True
False
48%52%
Alcoholism
• Alcoholism ▫ Condition in which an individual loses control over
intake of alcohol
• Substance Use Disorder▫ Physical, social, intellectual, emotional, or financial
problems resulting from the use of alcohol▫ Withdrawal symptoms▫ Tolerance▫ Blackouts
Alcoholism
• Some consider alcoholism to be a disease
▫ Compared to heart disease or diabetes
▫ 1956 American Medical Association declared it a disease
▫ Disease can be used as a legal defense
▫ Receive treatment rather than punishment
Do you agree alcoholism is a disease?
A. Yes
B. No
C. I’m not sure
YesNo
I’m n
ot sure
57%
13%
30%
Alcoholism
• Genetics
▫ 50-60% of alcoholism vulnerability has a genetic basis
▫ Environmental factors affect the impact of genetics
Alcoholism
• Psychosocial factors
▫ 20% of alcoholics have a mood or anxiety disorder
▫ Individuals are more likely to drink heavily when in a group
▫ Expectations about alcohol are predictors of dependence
▫ Associated with a greater number of sexual partners
Alcoholism
• Culture
▫ Attitudes toward alcohol affect rates of alcohol abuse
Alcohol Withdrawal
• Characteristics of alcohol withdrawal:
▫ Craving for alcohol
▫ Delirium tremens (DTs)
▫ Extreme arousal
▫ Auditory and visual hallucinations
▫ Physiological symptoms
▫ Cognitive symptoms
Impacts of AlcoholIndividual
Family Society
Family Effects
• Children of alcoholics▫ Often experience sleep difficulties, depression,
loneliness, and stomach problems▫ Alienated from parents, have poor communication
skills, less trust, and more emotional longing▫ Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs)▫ Feelings of failure and self-deprecation▫ Feel a great need to be in control
Addict
• Behaviors▫ Use of
chemicals▫ Abusive▫ Controlling▫ Withdrawal of
love, attention, affection
▫ Blaming▫ Anger▫ Self-
righteousness
Underlying feeling:
SHAME
Co-Dependent
• Behaviors
▫ Rescuing
▫ Excusing
▫ Denial
▫ Helplessness
▫ Martyr
Underlying feeling:
ANGER
Hero
• Behaviors▫ The “Good Kid”
▫ High achiever
▫ Successful
▫ Overly responsible
▫ Intellectual
Underlying feeling:
INADEQUACY
Scapegoat
• Behaviors▫ Acting out
▫ Defiant
▫ Peer-oriented
▫ Sullen, angry
▫ Irresponsible
▫ Chemical use
▫ Law breaking, truancy
Underlying feeling:
HURT
Lost Child
• Behaviors
▫ Withdrawn
▫ Loner
▫ Day dreamer
▫ Unnoticed
Underlying Feeling:
LONELINESS
Mascot
• Behaviors
▫ Attention-getting
▫ Humor
▫ Clowning
▫ Super cute
▫ Overly active
▫ Silly
Underlying Feeling: FEAR
Which do you most identify with?
A. Addict
B. Co-dependent
C. Hero
D. Scapegoat
E. Lost Child
F. Mascot
Addict
Co-dependent
Hero
Scapego
at
Lost
Child
Masc
ot
18%
0%
6%
24%
18%
35%
COSTS• Hero
▫ Compulsive drive, pressure, suicide
• Scapegoat
▫ Addiction, criminal behavior, drop out
• Lost Child
▫ Isolation, abuse victim, eating disorders
• Mascot
▫ Immaturity, distant relationships, manipulation
Correlations with
ViolenceAs alcohol use escalates, so does violence
▫ Domestic partner violence 66%
▫ Sexual Assault 37%
▫ Homicides 40%
▫ Child abuse 70%
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/sciprc/pdf/ALCOHOL_AND_VIOLENCE.pdf
Suicide
▫ About 7% of alcoholics commit suicide
▫ 16% of men and 10% of women entering alcohol treatment have contemplated suicide
▫ 38% of people who hanged themselves had alcohol in their system
▫ 32% of veterans who attempted suicide were diagnosed with alcohol abuse or dependence
Accidents and Alcohol
▫ Drinking while driving Emergency room admissions
▫ Fire-related fatalities
▫ Alcohol-related boating accidents
▫ Drowning fatalities
YouTube
Total estimated U.S. per capita ethanol consumption in gallons per year by state, 2007
Source: Data from NIAAA
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Who drinks and why
• Cultural Differences
• Trends in US
• Regional Differences
• Gender Differences
• Drinking Among College Students
Most college students reduce their
binge drinking after graduating
from college.
A.True
B.False
True
False
6%
94%
The younger one is when drinking
alcohol for the first time, the more
likely one will become a problem
drinker.
A.True
B.False
True
False
15%
85%
Underage Drinking
• Underage drinking is associated with premature death, disease, injury, property damage, motor vehicle crashes, alcohol-related crime and loss of productivity
• There is a significant relationship between drinking before age 13 and suicide attempts
Underage Drinking
• High school students who engaged in binge drinking were six times more likely to drink and drive
▫ 7.2% of 8th-grade students binge drink
▫ 16.3% of 9th-grade students binge drink
▫ 23.2% of 12th-grade students binge drink
Moderate alcohol drinkers have
lower rates of cardiovascular
disease than abstainers.
A.True
B.False
True
False
16%
84%
Physiological Toxicity
• Overdose
• Hangover
When someone passes out from
alcohol use:
A. Put them on their back
B. Put them to bed and let them sleep it off
C. Put them on their side
Put them
on th
eir back
Put them
to b
ed and le
t...
Put them
on th
eir sid
e
0%
100%
0%
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
There is a safe level of alcohol to
consume while pregnant
A. True
B. False
True
False
30%
70%
Physiological
Toxicity - Brain• Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome develops because alcohol impedes the body’s ability to utilize thiamine (a B vitamin)
• Alcohol use is associated with psychological symptoms: depression, anxiety
Physiological Toxicity - Liver
• Three main conditions associated with alcohol:
▫ Fatty liver
▫ Alcohol hepatitis
▫ Cirrhosis
• Cirrhosis is irreversible, even if alcohol use stops
Physiological Toxicity – Digestive System
• In moderate amounts, alcohol aids digestion by increasing gastric juice in the stomach
• Too much alcohol can irritate the stomach, leading to internal bleeding
• Heavy alcohol use is implicated in acute pancreatitis
• Alcoholics often have malnutrition because alcohol interferes with the body’s ability to utilize nutrients
Physiological Toxicity – Circulatory System
• Moderate alcohol use reduces risk of heart disease, boosts good (HDL) cholesterol and helps prevent type 2 diabetes
• Effects of heavy alcohol use:▫ Degeneration of the heart muscle▫ High blood pressure▫ Cardiac arrhythmias▫ Ischemic heart disease ▫ Strokes
Physiological Toxicity – Immune System
• Studies show that moderate alcohol use reduces immunity
• Alcohol interferes with white blood cells, particularly T lymphocytes, which help to resist infections
How’s your group doing?
A. We rock.
B. Working on it.
C. We need help.
D. Group? What group?
We ro
ck.
Work
ing o
n it.
We n
eed help
.
Group?
What g
roup?
24% 24%
0%
52%