Spanish colonization

OBJECTIVEYou will be able to

compare and contrast the political, economic, and social structures of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in Latin America.

DO-NOWClear off your desk

except for a piece of paper, your Ch. 20 Outline, and something to write with. Be ready to start your quiz when the bell rings!

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 19

1. Which culture of people would takeover the remains of the Byzantine Empire by conquering Constantinople?

A.The MughalsB.The TurksC.The SlavsD.The Russians

CHAPTER 20 READING QUIZ

2. Who had the most power in the Ottoman Empire?

A.PriestsB.Rich NobilityC.Military LeadersD.Equal Power Amongst the People


3. What caused the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

A.OverexpansionB.Corruption in the BureaucracyC.Ineffective SultansD.All of the Above


4. Abbas I was the leader of which of the following empires:

A.The MughalsB.The OttomansC.The SafavidsD.The Russians


5. Akbar is well known for:A.Leading a conquest against ChristiansB.Being the last unsuccessful ruler of the

OttomansC.Creating peace between the Gunpowder

EmpiresD.Creating a blend of Islamic and Hindu

cultures


Title the notes in your notebook: Spanish and Portuguese Colonization

Remember to summarize the information on the page

Don’t write every word!

TODAY’S NOTES:

Spain, throughout the post-classical era, had been home to many different ethnic and religious groups—as a result, conflict and conquest over peoples of other cultures and beliefs had created a strong military culture in Spain.

In Spain, the wealthy lived in the urban areas (cities) while peasants farmed the countryside. When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Americas, they imitated this class structure, establishing themselves as the urban elite, while exploiting Indians as their serf labor.

In Spain, slavery had also been a part of the social structure. When conquistadors arrived in the Americas, they continued the Spanish tradition of African enslavement.

NEW SPAIN: FROM OLD WORLD TO NEW WORLD

Spain began to establish Spanish-style cities within its Latin American colonies . Spanish viceroyalties included governorships, treasuries, courts, and law systems.

The Catholic Church also played a key role in building missions and converting the natives. The Church also founded many schools and universities within the colonies.

The Spanish economy relied on both mining and on agriculture . The conquistadors established ranches and sugar plantations—creating the encomienda system , where natives served as serf laborers.

Silver mining in South America was the greatest source of wealth for Spanish colonies. The Spanish also exploited the natives for labor in the mines.

SPANISH COLONIES: CREATING SETTLEMENTS

Hernan Cortes led the conquest of Mexico—he overtook the Aztec empire and replaced Tenochtitlan with Mexico City.

Francisco Pizarro led the conquest of the Inca Empire, conquering the Inca capital city of Cuzco and establishing the Spanish capital in Lima (closer to the coast).

From these two centers of Spanish rule, expansion continued. By 1570, there were 192 Spanish cities and towns throughout the Americas.

The Spanish conquistadors came from various backgrounds, but many became a new class of nobility who viewed themselves as entitled to domination over the natives of the Americas.

Though the Spanish monarchs sympathized with reports of brutality against the natives, but did little to stop what was happening.

SPANISH CONQUESTS: TWO PATHS

Without Spanish women in the early colonies, miscegenation (racial mixing) between Spanish settlers, natives, and Africans was common.

This led to the creation of a new social group, the castas , which was made of up all people of mixed origins. By 1750, the castas made up over 40% of Spain’s colonial population.

As this population grew, increasing restrictions were placed upon the castas, so that they could never enjoy the same rights as those of unmixed origin. A new racial hierarchy was created:1. At the top were Peninsulares—those who

were actually born in Spain2. Next were the Creoles—those of pure

Spanish origin, but were born in the Americas3. Below the Creoles were all castas of any

racial mix4. At the bottom were natives and African slaves

SOCIEDAD DE CASTAS

SPAIN: THINK-PAIR-SHARE

Brazil was Portugal’s primary (most important) colonial territory in the Americas.

It was Latin America’s first plantation colony—the first colony to grow a major cash crop instead of mining for precious metals as its source of wealth.

In the 1700s, the Portuguese also began mining gold from the interior of Brazil.

The exportation of both sugar and gold required massive amounts of labor—this led to the subjugation of Natives and the introduction of African slave labor in Portuguese Brazil.

BRAZIL: THE PORTUGUESE COLONY

By 1700, over half of Brazil’s population was made up of African slaves. Brazil became a model for the creation of “plantation colonies,” which were later established in the Caribbean and southern United States.

Brazil’s society was hierarchical: 1. White plantation owners and city

officials were at the top2. A growing segment of the

population included those of mixed origin—between whites, Indians, and Africans. This group served as free laborers, artisans, and small farmers.

3. Africans, who were the majority of the population, remained at the bottom of society (due to their skin color and their status as slave property)

AFRICAN SLAVERY DOMINATES PLANTATION COLONIES

Portuguese colonists created a bureaucratic system that was ruled by a governor general in the colonial capital of Salvador.

Nobles were placed in charge of smaller colonial territories, called “captaincies.”

The Jesuits of the Catholic church worked closely with the government to establish missions and schools throughout Brazil.

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

In order to prepare you for our exit ticket, we will compete in our partners

With your team, select one person to be the scribe. The first and best answer will win points for the team in each round.

The winning team will earn 10 bonus points on their reading quiz! You may use your notes for this competition, but there is an advantage to not use your notes.

COMPETITION FOR REVIEW!

Name the two most important exports of SPAIN’S Latin American colonies.

QUESTION 1

Name the 2 most important exports of PORTUGAL’S Latin American colonies.

QUESTION 2

What empire did Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes overthrow?

QUESTION 3

What was the name of the conquistador who overthrew the Inca empire?

QUESTION 4

What is the name of Portugal’s main colony in Latin America?

QUESTION 5

Define the term: “Plantation Colony”

QUESTION 6

Define the term: “miscegenation”

QUESTION 7

Which racial groups were involved in miscegenation in Spanish AND Portuguese colonies?

QUESTION 8

Define the term: “Castas”

QUESTION 9

By the 1700s, half of Brazil was made up of what racial group?

QUESTION 10

What are viceroyalties?

QUESTION 11

What are captaincies?

QUESTION 12

What did the Jesuits do in Brazil?

QUESTION 13

What is the difference between the “Peninsulares” and the “Creoles”?

QUESTION 14

The handout that you have received will be your lifework for tonight.

Make sure to have at least 3 things in each section of the Venn Diagram.

Your thesis statement must meet all the criterion of the AP WH Essay Rubric. (Just like we’ve been writing all year)

LIFEWORK

Clear off your desk except for something to write with.

You have 3 minutes to complete your Exit Ticket.

EXIT TICKET

Education

Spanish colonization