THE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC

AND TECHNOLOGICAL

EVENTS

1945-2015

ERASMUS+

70 YEARS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY 1945-2016

TRANSISTOR

1947

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to ampify or switch electronic signals

and electrical power.

The first working transistor was constructed by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain in

December 16, 1947. The following year , William Bradford Shockley from the same

laboratory developed a theory junction transistor, which has managed to build in the

1950s.

For the invention of the transistor they received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956.

DNA STRUCTURE

1953

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a model of the

structure of DNA as a double helix based on the work of Rosalind

Franklin, for which in 1962 were awarded the Nobel Prize.

The double helix is a fundamental element of the spatial structure

of the DNA molecule .

ARTIFICIAL

SATELLITE

1957

.

The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the

Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet

Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer

(there is a crater on the lunar far side which bears his

name). This in turn triggered the Space Race between the

Soviet Union and the United States.

THE DISCOVERY

OF A PULSAR

1967

Pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating

neutron star that emits a beam of

electromagnetic radiation.

The precise periods of pulsars make

them useful tools. Observations of

a pulsar in a binary neutron star

system were used to indirectly

confirm the existence of

gravitational radiation. The first

extrasolar planets were discovered

around a pulsar, PSR B1257+12.

Certain types of pulsars rival atomic

clocks in their accuracy in keeping

time.

The Vela Pulsar and its surrounding pulsar wind nebula.

THE HAYFLICK LIMIT

1965

In 1965 Hayflick observed that cells are able

to divide a limited number of times, and the

closer the limit the more the signs of aging

show.

Hayflick limit is considered to be one of the

causes of human aging.

Hayflick limit is the number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops.

Cybernetics base

1948

Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for

exploring regulators systems, Their structures,

constraints, and Possibilities. Cybernetics is

relevant to the study of systems, such as

mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive,

and social systems.

In 1948, Jewish American

mathematician Norbert Wiener

formulated the basics of

cybernetics -

Astronauts

walk

on the Moon1969

They spent about two and a quarter

hours together outside the

spacecraft, and collected 47.5

pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material for

return to Earth.

Apollo 11 was the first spaceflight that landed humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20,

1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later.

Astronaunt jumps up

First computer1969

Ted Hoff builds the first

single-chip computer or

microprocessor.

In November, 1971, a company called Intelpublicly introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley

Mazor.

First

mobile phone1973

Martin Cooper

develops the first

handheld

cellphone (mobile

phone).

While at Motorola in the 1970s, Cooper conceived the first handheld mobile phone (distinct from the car phone) in 1973 and led the team that developed it and brought it to market in 1983. He is considered the "father of the cell phone”and is also cited as the first person in history to make a handheld cellular phone call in public

Beginning of

the internet1973

Robert Metcalfe figures out a simple

way of linking computers together

that he names Ethernet. Most

computers hooked up to the

Internet now use it.

Ethernet was developed in May 1973 by US computer engineer Dr Robert ("Bob") Metcalfe (1946–), who went on to found 3Com and later became a well-known computer-industry pundit (perhaps, somewhat unfairly, best known for predicting a spectacular collapse of the Internet in 1995 that never actually occurred).

the World

Wide Web1989

Tim Berners-Lee

invents the World

Wide Web.

Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist at CERN, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989. The web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automatic information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world.

WI FI1997

Electronics companies agree

to make Wi-Fi a worldwide

standard for wireless Internet

The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2

Mbit/s link speeds.

The Wikipedia

online

encyclopedia2001

The Wikipedia online

encyclopedia is

founded by Larry

Sanger and Jimmy

Wales.

A free encyclopedia built collaboratively using wiki software.

iPod2001

Portable MP3 players

had been around for

many years before

Apple launched its

version in 2001.

the iPod was the technology that really transformed the way people listened to music. The device's large internal storage capacity meant it was no longer necessary to carry around CDs or cassette tapes, and the sleek design made it a desirable item to own.

Roomba®

vacuum

cleaning robot2002

iRobot Corporation releases the

first version of its Roomba®

vacuum cleaning robot

After more than a decade of offering military products, iRobot debuts its first domestic robot -- the Roomba. The Roomba is an autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner, though it is not the first: The Electrolux Trilobite hit the market a year before. By 2004, a million Roombas had been sold. It is suspected, though not confirmed, than an equal number of Rosie the Robot references had been made by the media.

E-book reader2007

Amazon.com

launches its Kindle

electronic book (e-

book) reader.

An e-reader, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals

3D TV2010

3D TV starts to

become more

widely available

3D television (3DTV) is television that conveys depth perception to the viewer by employing techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, 2D-plus-depth, or any other form of 3D display. Most modern 3D television sets use an active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D system, and some are autostereoscopic without the need of glasses.