THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

A break from tradition and Catholicism

Trouble Brewing

Either with them or against them Heretics and the Inquisition

Shifts in priorities The arts Defending Papal States

Celibacy? Corruption

Especially in Germanic Areas John Wycliffe John Huss

When the timing is right…

The Printing Press By 1500, 250 cities printing 9-10 million

books Erasmus a harsh critic People begin reading the Bible on their own

Martin Luther

Was a devout Catholic, served as a monk, tried to continually bring himself closer to God

Struggled with his faith Puzzled and inspired by “The

just shall live by faith” Angered by Johann Tetzel

http://www.luthertour.com/

Johann Tetzel

Sale of Indulgences “Heaven Insurance”

for you and your loved ones – dead or alive!

“No sooner than the coffer ring, than a soul from purgatory doth spring”

http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/02/13/opinion/13indulgences.large.jpg

The 95 Theses

Nails his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany on All Hallows Eve, 1517 Salvation by faith alone;

he opposed the Catholic Church’s beliefs in penance and good works

Bible is the only authority for Christian life; Pope is a false authority

Priesthood of all believers – each person should have an individual relationship with God and should read/interpret the Bible for him/herself

All people are equal in the eyes of God

http://www.the-highway.com/95Theses.gif

http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/63/41/87/95-thesis-of-martin-luther.jpg

Luther’s ideas diffuse quickly Wrote many books, essays, and

letters – which are quickly printed and spread throughout

Luther was not easily silenced – he ideas shake Europe

He did not originally intend to start an entire new branch of Christianity

Pope Leo X

Giovanni de Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent

Pope Leo X issues a Papal Bull June 15,1520 and threatens to excommunicate Luther unless he recanted

Luther and his students at the University of Witten berg burned the Papal Bull in a bonfire

Pope excommunicates Lutherhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

0/09/Cardinal_Giovanni_de%27_Medici.jpg

Who do you think said this?

“A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong…I will proceed against him as a notorious heretic”

Charles V – HRE 1521 – summons Luther to the

Imperial Diet at Worms to stand trial Refuses to recant his ideas,

“Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason…my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. Amen.”

Charles V replies – “A single friar who goes counter to all

Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong…I will proceed against him as a notorious heretic”

Charles V issues Edict of Worms – declaring Luther an outlaw and heretic https://libwebspace.library.cmu.edu:4430/posner/

sp09/subcontents//images/charlesv%203_4.jpg

Frederick the Wise – German prince of Saxony, protects Luther in his castle for the first year after the Diet of Worms Spends the year translating the New

Testament into German Luther’s ideas were practiced – priests

began leading worship in German, calling themselves “ministers”

People give up on trying to reform the Catholic Church and become a group known as Lutherans

Group of princes loyal to the Pope join forces and create an alliance against Luther’s ideas

The princes who support Luther sign a statement protesting this alliance – become known as the Protestants

Women and the Reformation Which idea do you think appealed to women the most?

Concept of equality in God’s eyes Protestant teachings emphasized more compassionate

marriages More compassionate Increased education for women More grounds for divorce if a husband violated his

vows During the early years, women were major writers and

preachers As Protestant groups become more formal, women’s

opportunities decrease