Trees for future 2016

© Project SOUND

Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden

Gardening with California Native Plants in Western L.A. CountyProject SOUND – 2016 (our 12th year)

© Project SOUND

Trees & Shrubs for the Future: large native plants suited to our

changing climate

C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake

CSUDH (emeritus) & Madrona Marsh Preserve

Madrona Marsh PreserveFebruary 6 & 11, 2016

The last four years have been stressful…

© Project SOUND

heat

smog

drought

wind

unusual rain patterns

© Project SOUND

Some days, you just want to weep….

Like it or not, the past four years have been a pilot test of our future

© Project SOUND

Some plants lost –others surviving

Destructive effects of new pests

Cool, green oasis with dry shade

People have gone crazy about water-wise gardening this year

© Project SOUND

Water restrictions

$$$$ rebates $$$

Exhortations/examples

http://www.greenindustrypros.com/article/12069076/turf-terminators-cashing-in-on-lawn-replacement-rebates-in-california

This kind of ‘water-wise garden’ makes me sad and mad at the same time

© Project SOUNDhttp://ks957.com/heat-advisory-issued/

Heat Wave

So does this one!!!

© Project SOUND

http://dev.easyturf.com/artificial-grass-transformation-backyard-la-mesa-california-10967/

http://www.hometone.org/12687/2015/05/03/the-killer-benefits-that-come-with-artificial-grass-installation-in-your-lawn/

http://www.mediacitygroove.com/tag/heat-wave

So how do we go about evolving a sustainable – and elegant – future?

© Project SOUND

http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/

2016 Season - Rediscovering Eden: S. California Gardens for the 21st Century

© Project SOUND

The past four years have taught us important lessons (if we’re willing to listen)

© Project SOUND

…lessons that point towards the future

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… and steps we can take (right now) to make that future more pleasant & sustainable

Today we’ll be creating a green oasis, starting with replacing a sick tree

© Project SOUNDhttp://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/

http://www.clker.com/clipart-tree-silhouette-4.html

Considering the future is most important when we choose long-lived plants

© Project SOUND

Why take your time when choosing a new tree?

They take longer to mature – you don’t want to have to start over

They hopefully will serve you for many decades – if not more

Their size means they dominate – and effect - the landscape

If chosen wisely, they can provide many services:

Shade; cooler temperatures Food (fruits or nuts) Materials for crafts Excellent habitat for birds, insects and

others: food, home sites, cover, etc.

© Project SOUND

A well-chosen tree is the jewel of the garden

Trees are one of the best ways to create a green oasis

© Project SOUND

What future will our new tree live in?

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http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/http://www.clker.com/clipart-tree-silhouette-4.html

The earth has gotten hotter since 1950-1980

© Project SOUND

A few new pieces have been added since we last considered climate change (2014)

© Project SOUND

The Climate Change in the Los Angeles Region Project

Series of studies by atmospheric scientists at UCLA (and others)

Employ innovative techniques, applying multiple global climate models to the Los Angeles region

Goal: to provide detailed projections of climate change (through 2100)

Why important? Direct planning at all levels (National/state government to your own backyard)

© Project SOUND

Read about it yourself: • http://research.atmos.ucla.edu/csrl//LA_project_summary.html • http://www.kcet.org/news/climate_change_la/• http://slideplayer.com/slide/6269865/

http://slideplayer.com/slide/6269865/

First Report (2012):"Mid-Century Warming in the Los Angeles Region."

By mid-century, Los Angeles will experience temperatures similar to what we experience today only about 75-80% of the time (274-292 days a year)

If we don't reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, Los Angeles will continue to get warmer. By the end of the century, temperatures will be like they are today only 50- 65% of the time (1 83- 243 days a year)

© Project SOUND

• Hotter than normal temperatures will likely be experienced primarily in late summer and early fall (our typical hot, dry period).

• December to January and July to August are projected to change the most (relative to today).

The South Bay benefits from it’s proximity to the ocean

© Project SOUNDhttp://research.atmos.ucla.edu/csrl//LA_project_summary.html

Areas that are already ‘somewhat hot’ will see many more days > 95°

Palmdale, Lancaster The San Fernando Valley Riverside

What can we expect (Western L.A. County)?

More hot days in summer/fall

More year-to-year variability in both hot and cold temperatures

Warmer days in winter (on average)

Warmer nights in winter; fewer nights below 45° F

We do need to worry about the effects of more warm/hot days on local plants

All plants have optimal temperature ranges – in general, plants from hotter places have higher ranges

Temperatures higher and lower than the optima affect literally everything a plant does:

Taking up water Growing new leaves, branches Producing flowers, fruits & seeds Warding off pests & diseases Timing of life & seasonal changes Just plain staying alive!

© Project SOUND

http://www.intechopen.com/books/abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture/extreme-temperature-responses-oxidative-stress-and-antioxidant-defense-in-plants

temperatures just beyond the optimal range can greatly affect both survival and reproduction

Precipitation change in the 20th century

Most of the U.S. saw increased precipitation

S. CA and Arizona saw significant decreases

© Project SOUND

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/weather-climate/precipitation.html

http://pauldouglasweather.blogspot.com/2014/01/winds-ease-travel-improves-another.html

This has not been a good 4 years for the West

All of California experienced some level of drought throughout 2015 Estimated population in drought areas: 36,660,308

© Project SOUND

http://www.californiadrought.org/drought/current-conditions/

© Project SOUND

Totals: 2013 = 3.5 inches 2014 = 9.5 inches 2015 = 6.5 inches

What was I thinking, starting a garden in 2012 (and 2014)?

Good news – El Niño year this year!

© Project SOUND

The period October through March tends to be wetter than usual in a swath extending from southern California eastward across Arizona, southern Nevada and Utah, New Mexico, and into Texas.

There are more rainy days, and there is more rain per rainy day. El Nino winters can be two to three times wetter than La Nina winters in this region.

Local gardeners are anxiously awaiting El Niño…

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…and wondering what all this means for the future

Predicting S. California’s future precipitation is challenging

© Project SOUND

Role of El Nino events is not well understood – and they have a role in our precipitation

We have complex topography

Our area lies right between two areas on which most models agree:

An area of more precipitation to the north

An area of significantly less precipitation to the south

“21st Century Precipitation Changes over the Los Angeles Region” - 2014

Major findings: Probably about the same amount of precipitation overall

(some models suggest slightly higher – some slightly lower)

Continued high year-to-year variability

Less precipitation falling as snow (40% decrease in snowfall) due to increasing temperatures Higher wintertime stream/runoff flows Need to capture/infiltrate

For more see: http://www.kcet.org/news/climate_change_la/downloads/LARC_PartIII_V2.pdf

© Project SOUND

Slight decrease or slight increase?

Probably wisest to assume somewhat drier conditions –and less water available for home gardens

Year-to-year variability will likely increase Plan for drought years Plan enough flexibility to

deal with wet years: Plant choices Water infiltration/

conservation

© Project SOUNDhttp://cal-adapt.org/precip/decadal/

PV peninsula

Much of South Bay

Los Angeles average since 1877 thru 2012 (135 years): 14.98 inches

So, we now have a good idea of the conditions we need to plan for: hotter & more variable precipitation

© Project SOUND

Trees and large shrubs are more important now (and in the future) than ever

Heat is not just annoying – it kills

Greater risk of death from dehydration, heat stroke/ exhaustion, heart attack, stroke, and respiratory distress

By mid-century, extreme heat events in urban centers such as Los Angeles are projected to cause two to three times as many heat- related deaths as there are today.

High temperatures stress living creatures - from bacteria to mammals.

© Project SOUND

http://leadingwithtrust.com/2013/06/23/are-you-a-thermometer-or-thermostat-leader/

Trees/other vegetation cool our neighborhoods in two important ways

Provide shade Tree shade: decrease temperature

20 to 45ºF (11-25ºC) for walls and roofs; ~ 45ºF for parked cars

Vines: reductions of up to 36ºF (20ºC).

Provide evapotranspirational cooling Peak air temperatures in tree

groves are 9ºF (5ºC) cooler than over open terrain.

Suburban areas with mature trees are 4 to 6ºF (2 to 3ºC) cooler than new suburbs without trees.

Temperatures over grass sports fields are 2 to 4ºF (1 to 2ºC) cooler than over bordering areas.

© Project SOUND

http://www.c3headlines.com/global-warming-urban-heat-island-bias/

http://gawker.com/5625730/take-a-tour-of-tv-landmarks-with-google-street-view

And trees/other vegetation have other effects that will help us cope in the future

Filter out harmful UV rays

Root system allows for increased water absorption during rain/irrigation events

Act as windbreaks to decrease wind-associated drying

© Project SOUND

We should choose our trees carefully, so they provide these services for years to come.

The human benefits of trees/vegetation

Improve human health and well-being

Reduce pollution/dust Reduce noise levels Decrease effects of

extreme heat events Provide habitat, food Provide oxygen ‘calm the soul’

© Project SOUND

Trees have inspired writers, painters and other artists as far back as record goes.

Why plant trees?

Aesthetics Light & shade are more

interesting Provides vertical depth

Human/environmental health Decreases heat for both the

home & neighborhood Cleans the air Carbon sink; oxygen source Mental health

Habitat Perching, nesting sites Food (flowers; fruits; seeds;

insects)© Project SOUND

Qualities to look for in a tree for the future Tolerates more hot days than we

experience now.

Good drought tolerance – can get by on 8-10” per year + supplemental irrigation. Look for deep roots.

Tolerates occasional flooding/above average rainfall. Look for shallow roots, in addition to the deep ones.

Low vulnerabilities to: Wind Smog Pests/pathogens

As locally native as possible for both viability and habitat value

© Project SOUND

In short, we’re ‘looking for Super-tree’

Where is Super-tree likely to live?

Right here locally

In slightly warmer/drier areas of Los Angeles, Orange & San Diego Counties

In the California deserts – and particularly:

In the Sonoran desert (which experiences summer rainfall)

Along season streams (which experience both drought and flooding)

In desert chaparral (which is dry, but also receives more rain than CSS)

© Project SOUND

http://www.viator.com/tours/Phoenix/Self-Drive-Twilight-Tour-through-the-Sonoran-Desert/d639-3121TWILIGHT

http://www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9792/3501

© Project SOUNDhttp://publicgarden.ucdavis.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/chilopsis-Timeless-Beauty-Monhews.jpg

Needless to say, ‘Super-tree’ must also be lovely and useful

Not asking for a lot, are we?

Many people like the look of pine trees

© Project SOUND


If you like pines, the smaller CA native species may be just the ticket

© Project SOUNDhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_monophylla

© Project SOUND

Singleleaf Pinyon – Pinus monophylla

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_monophylla

Single-leaf Pinyon occurred as early as the Late Wisconsin glacial period (20,000 to 11,000 years ago.

Large area of distribution and, therefore, probably a large degree of genetic variation

© Project SOUND

Singleleaf Pinyon – Pinus monophylla

green - Pinus monophylla subsp. monophyllablue - Pinus monophylla subsp. californiarumred - Pinus monophylla subsp. fallax

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_monophyllaMark W. Skinner @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_monophylla_range_map_3.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_monophylla_range_map_3.png

© Project SOUND

Singleleaf pinyon Soils:

Texture: most any pH: any local

Light: full sun to part-shade

Water: Winter: good soil moisture Summer: very drought tolerant

Most xeric pine in the U. S. Mean annual precipitation range

is 8 to 18 inches; most precipitation falling December-April (perfect for our area)

Once established, needs only occasional watering

Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils Management: Native Californians

pruned out dead branches; removed underbrush – fire can kill this species

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_monophylla

Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences

© Project SOUND

Gardening with single-leaf pinyon Large container or bonsai plant

Screen/hedge; good for mild, coastal conditions

Neat and bold appearance for a native tree

Gray-green color blends well with dry high-desert and mountain landscapes, as well as modern and Mediterranean gardens

http://selectree.calpoly.edu/treedetail.lasso?rid=1054

http://www.thetreefarm.com/pine-pinon

© Project SOUND

*Pinyon pine – Pinus edulis

Southwestern United States, in southern California (rare), the intermountain region (Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico), to w. Oklahoma (rare) and w. Texas, and south into Chihuahua, Mexico.

Note: CA plants may actually be Pinusmonophylla with double needles

© Project SOUND

*Pinyon pine – Pinus edulis

©2005 Robert Sivinski©1998 Joseph Dougherty/ecology.org

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?PIED

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_edulis

© Project SOUND

Pinyon pine: medium size tree Size:

25-50 ft. tall 15-30 ft. wide

Growth form: Short, shrubby trees; conical when

young, mounded with maturity Somewhat open; shade not dense Lowest branches quite low Bark: red-brown aging to gray Slow-growing; very long-lived

Foliage: Needles in bundles of two Yellow-green to blue-green Tree is very sticky

©1998 Joseph Dougherty/ecology.org

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_edulis_Torrey-UT.jpg

© Project SOUND

Best pinyon for eating Blooms: spring when weather warms up

Flowers: typical pine Separate male (pollen) and female

(seed) cones on same tree Seed cones are short, squat and very

sticky Seeds take two years to mature

Seeds: Produced by mature trees (at least 20

years of age) Variable crop year-to-year Large and absolutely delicious Gathered and used/sold by indigenous

and other people Jays, small mammals LOVE them too

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_edulis

© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: well-drained best

but tolerates clays pH: any local (6.0-8.0)


Water: Winter: need normal rainfall;

supplement if needed Summer: likes occasional, deep

water (Water Zone 2)

Fertilizer: fine with poor soils, but OK with occasional fertilizer

Other: Prune to shape, remove dead

branches Use organic mulch (pine needles

or bark best

Like all pines, especially in dry years, pinyons become more susceptible to pests and diseases: boring insects, moths, sawflies and rusts

© Project SOUND

Use Pinyon pine

Where ever a medium-size, hardy, drought-tolerant pine is needed

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_Edulis,_UNM_Arboretum,_Albuquerque_NM.jpg

https://www.flickr.com/photos/grand_canyon_nps/12199713556http://www7.nau.edu/arboretum/Littleman/pinyon.html

Using Pinyon nuts: raw or roasted

Seeds ground, rolled into balls and eaten as a delicacy.

Seeds mixed with yucca fruit pulp to make a pudding.

Nuts parched, ground, mixed with datil fruit, mescal, mesquite beans or sotol.

Pinon and corn flour mixed and cooked into a mush.

Seeds parched, ground, kneaded into seed butter and eaten with fruit drinks or spread on bread.

Nuts used to make a soup. Needles used to make a tea.

© Project SOUND

http://www.dishmaps.com/pinon-rice-bake-recipe-with-artichokes-plum-tomatoes-pine-nuts-and-goat-cheese/25832

http://www.theperfectpantry.com/2014/05/pine-nuts-recipe-toasted-pinon-shortbread-cookies-vegetarian.html

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjBqa3BheHKAhVLy2MKHYm9D5kQjRwIBw&url=http://www.theperfectpantry.com/2014/05/pine-nuts-recipe-toasted-pinon-shortbread-cookies-vegetarian.html&psig=AFQjCNHFbwRdhw5WjbWB05HFy3afh8K0uA&ust=1454775998653596

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjBqa3BheHKAhVLy2MKHYm9D5kQjRwIBw&url=http://www.theperfectpantry.com/2014/05/pine-nuts-recipe-toasted-pinon-shortbread-cookies-vegetarian.html&psig=AFQjCNHFbwRdhw5WjbWB05HFy3afh8K0uA&ust=1454775998653596

December to January and July to August are projected to change the most (relative to today)

© Project SOUND

What can we expect (S. Bay)?

Warmer nights (on average) in summer

Warmer days in winter (on average)

Warmer nights in winter; fewer nights below 45° F.

http://www.c3headlines.com/global-warming-urban-heat-island-bias/

https://www.zagat.com/b/los-angeles/7-new-outdoor-bars-for-sipping-around-la

The more heat-absorbing surfaces that surround us, the warmer the nights (whenever we have sunny days)

Decreasing hours of chill: bad for W. Coast agriculture

‘Chill factor’ – the number of hours below a certain temperature required to trigger some plant behavior (often flowering)

Most important for fruiting trees/shrubs, ‘winter annuals’ and biennials

Fruit and nut production in California will likely be seriously affected

May also affect those of us that grow ‘low chill’ fruits in home gardens [Anna apple; Fuji apple; Black Mission fig; Santa Rosa plum]

© Project SOUND

DECREASING CHILL HOURS,2070-2099

How will decreased hours of chill affect local native plants (in gardens & Preserves)?

Some native plants from slightly higher elevations, more northern latitudes and the high desert(which experience more chill) will likely not produce as well/reliably:

Manzanita? Native cherries & other Prunus ? Coffeeberry & other Rhamnus

species ??? Native pines ??? Hard to predict

Research is desperately needed on native species that provide food for birds & other creatures.

© Project SOUND

http://irri.org/rice-today/rice-feels-the-heat

Lots of research on effects of heat on crop species – very little on native plant species

The past few years give reason to pause & think

© Project SOUND

Climate change raises important concerns for some California plants

Temperature and precipitation extremes may kill or limit reproduction

Fire & disease – will be worse problems

Loss of other key components of habitat: Associated plant species Pollinators; seed distributors

Particularly vulnerable: Small natural populations Isolated populations Plants with very narrow climatic ranges Plants w/ very specialized relationships Large, long-lived plants (trees)

© Project SOUND

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cupressus_nevadensis_resin_glands.jpg

Piute Cypress Hesperocyparis nevadensis

© Project SOUND

* Piute Cypress – Hesperocyparis nevadensis

©2008 Matt Teel

Narrow endemic: Kern County: the drainage of Bodfish Creek, and, at 4000 feet, on Red Hill in the Paiute Mountains where it grows at elevations of 5000-6000 feet with Juniperus californica, Pinus sabiniana, P. monophylla and Ephedra viridis

© Project SOUND

* Piute Cypress – Hesperocyparis nevadensis

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=89300

http://www.conifers.org/cu/Cupressus_nevadensis.php

©2012 Joey Malone

© Project SOUND

Uses for Piute Cypress Planted as an ornamental tree,

particularly for gray foliage Nice large background plants – or

drought-tolerant large hedges/screens Hardy – planted along roads in Santa

Monica mtns

http://www.worldbotanical.com/images/145-Cupressus.jpg©2002 Dr. Louis Emmet Mahoney

©2010 Rebecca Wenk

Climate change forces us to face serious questions about species conservation

© Project SOUND

Gardens/parks are one place to conserve rare/endangered plant species

© Project SOUND

Nevin’s barberry

© Project SOUND

* Tecate Cypress – Hesperocyparis forbesii

Gary A. Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

© Project SOUND

* Tecate Cypress – Hesperocyparis forbesii

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=89295

http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=784

Very rare – 15 U.S. populations; formerly more widespread – in La Brea tar from Pleistocene

Santa Ana Mountains (Orange County); Guatay Mountain, Otay Mountain (San Diego County); Mount Tecate on the U.S.-Mexican boundary; N. Baja.

Dry slopes, exposed hillsides, ridgetops; also along stream banks/arroyos, 1,500 to 5,000 feet

http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/images/Hesperocyparis%20forbesii/map.jpg

http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/images/Hesperocyparis%20forbesii/map.jpg

© Project SOUND

Tecate cypress in the garden Anywhere you might consider a non-

native Cypress Great on dry hillsides – but is fire-prone Excellent as a large evergreen hedge or

screen; good boundary plant Impressive specimen plant Can even be pruned up as a shade tree

http://www.geographylists.com/tecate_cypress.jpg

http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;70998http://www.laspilitas.com/garden/pictures/Cupressus_forbesii_tecate_cypress.jpg

© Project SOUND

*Cuyamaca cypress – Hesperocyparis stephensonii

©2011 Joey Malone

Endemic to headwaters of King Creek in the Cuyamaca Mountains, Cleveland National Forest, San Diego County. Also a population in NW Baja

AKA: Cupressus stephensonii ; Cupressus arizonica subsp. stephensonii

© Project SOUND

*Cuyamaca cypress – Hesperocyparis stephensonii

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_stephensoniihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_stephensonii

© Project SOUND

Cuyumaca cypress: shape changes with age Size:


Growth form: Central trunk; grows 1-3 ft.

per year Form depends on age and

environment; young tend to be tall & narrow, spreading w/ age

Bark pretty red-brown, peeling

Foliage: Typical scale-like leaves of

cypress species Dull green to blue-green

©2011 Joey Malone

©2013 Susan McDougall

© Project SOUND

Cones typical of Cypress

Blooms: in summer – only CA cypress that’s summer-blooming

Flowers: Separate male, female Female cones are rounded;

each section has a unique projection (umbro)

Green – age to gray when ripe (takes two years)

Pods open with heat (incl. from fire) releasing seeds

Seeds: Tan, flat and hard; may be

hard to germinate

©2011 Joey Malone

http://www.hazmac.biz/100726/100726HesperocyparisStephensonii.htmlhttp://www.baumpruefung.de/baumlexikon/baumbilder/cupressus/arizonica_conica/var_stephensonii

© Project SOUND

One tough Cypress Soils: Texture: well-drained pH: best with slightly acidic –

use pine needle mulch

Light: full sun

Water: Winter: needs normal rain;

supplement if needed Summer: best with occasional

summer (deep); Water Zone 2

Fertilizer: fine with poor soils; light fertilizer probably fine

Other: Pretty disease/pest-free Little pruning needed; nice

natural shape

©2013 Susan McDougall

Has deep roots – but won’t cause damage

© Project SOUND

Garden uses for Cuyamaca cypress As an accent plant – unique appearance, color

On slopes, hillsides and in formal gardens - in place on non-native pines & cypress

For large hedgerows, screens

As large tree in a habitat garden with Ceanotusspp., Cercocarpus spp., Rhamnus spp. - good choice

©2013 Jean Pawek

http://www.baumpruefung.de/baumlexikon/baumbilder/cupressus/arizonica_conica/var_stephensonii

http://conifersgarden.com/grafted-plants/cupressus/cupressus-arizonica-var-stephensonii.html

Using cypress in a garden Mainstay of formal Italian gardens

Good for leading the eye – lining roadways, long driveways

As backdrops, screens & accents in larger gardens – evergreen

Remember: they become LARGE

© Project SOUND

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus

http://www.houzz.com/cypress-trees

How about something a little more open?

© Project SOUND


© Project SOUND

*Blue paloverde – Parkinsonia (Cercidium) florida

J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences.

Sonoran Desert of California, Arizona & Mexico

Scattered along washes, flood plains in desert riparian associations, pseudo-riparian communities and desert wash woodlands

© Project SOUND

*Blue paloverde – Parkinsonia florida

J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences©2011 Neal Kramer

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L76_Map_35_Parkinsonia_florida.png

© Project SOUND

Blue Paloverde: big and impressive Pea Size:

15-35 ft. tall 20-35+ ft. wide

Growth form: Large shrub or tree; mounded

to weeping habit Multiple stems (usually) Drought deciduous – loses all

its leaves in dry season Bark: green (photosynthesis)

becoming gray with age Deep roots

Foliage: Compound leaves typical of Peas Blue-green Has thorns

http://www.public.asu.edu/~camartin/plants/Plant%20html%20files/parkinsoniaflorida.html

https://www.snwa.com/apps/plant/detail.cfml?id=14986 http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=Parkinsonia%20florida

© Project SOUND

Clouds of yellow flowers Blooms: in spring – Mar-May

Flowers: Bright yellow flowers in loose

clusters Absolutely splendid display! Habitat for bee pollinators

Seeds: In flat, rather thin pods Mature in summer Seeds are relative large and

hard-coated Usually require some

treatment (sanding; hot water; acid) to aid germination

©2011 Neal Kramer

And yes, the seeds are edible

Native tribes (Cahuilla; Pima; Papago) all gather and eat seeds

Immature pods can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable

Green pods & seeds were also eaten raw in summer

Seeds were traditionally dried and ground in mortars to produce a flour which could be used to make a mush or cakes.

They were also parched and stored for lean times.

© Project SOUND

Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences

http://snowbirdpix.com/sonoran_desert_plant_page.php?id=1072

© Project SOUND

Paloverde needs Soils:

Texture: adaptable but like well-drained. If clay, limit water

pH: any local

Light: full sun only; heat is fine

Water: drought-tolerant Winter: normal rainfall Summer: bi-monthly deep watering

Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils

Other: Does fine in our area Can prune up for tree; periodically

thin (no more than 30% a year) Watch for pests in dry, dusty

conditions Does drop leaves, pods Few plants can grow beneath it

https://azsf.az.gov/forestry-community-forestry/urban-community-forestry/tree-care

http://k-adventuresinlife.blogspot.com/2011/04/mon-mar-28-2011-southwest-spring-break.html

© Project SOUND

Blue paloverde Used as an ornamental shade tree

in dry gardens Excellent habitat tree Large informal screen or hedge Looks beautiful with other desert

nativeshttps://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5268/5670580435_627551819d_b.jpg

http://www.springspreserve.org/apps/plant/detail.cfml?type=85&id=14986http://www.springspreserve.org/apps/plant/detail.cfml?type=85&id=14986

Parkinsonia ‘Desert Museum’

Parkinsonia (Cercidium) x 'Desert Museum‘ - complex hybrid among Mexican, Blue and Foothills paloverdes

Introduced by Arizona Sonora Desert Museum (1981); widely available

25-30 ft. x 25-30 ft.

Good attributes

Thornless; few seed pods Fast growing to 25 ft. Long flowering season (up to 2 months)

Needs well-drained soil

© Project SOUND

http://www.public.asu.edu/~camartin/plants/Plant%20html%20files/parkinsoniaflorida.html

© Project SOUND

*Desert-willow – Chilopsis linearis

http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/techhort/PLANTID/desert/dsrtwllw.htm

© Project SOUND

*Desert-willow – Chilopsis linearis

American SW from CA to Texas; S. to Mexico

Desert & adjacent mountain ranges < 5000

Mojave and Colorado deserts

Common in gravelly or rocky soils in arid desert washes and desert grasslands

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Chilopsis+linearis+ssp.+arcuata

http://www.delange.org/WillowDesert/WillowDesert.htm

http://southwestdesertflora.com/WebsiteFolders/All_Species/Bignoniaceae/Chilopsis%20linearis,%20Desert%20Willow.html

© Project SOUND

Desert Willow is a small, deciduous tree or large shrub

Size: 15-30 ft tall 15-25 ft wide

Growth form: Naturally grows with several

trunks – can be trained to single Open structure; graceful looking Branches droop as they age Old bark has fissures

Foliage: Bright green glossy leaves Winter-deciduous (Nov-spring)

Fast growing – to 3 ft/year

http://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result.php?id_image=21922

© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: any well-drained;

can’t take very wet soils pH: any local

Light: Full sun best Light shade ok

Water: drought tolerant Regular water first 2 years;

no flooding Zone 2; deep water when soil

is dry


Other: can tolerate extreme heathttp://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Chilopsis_linearis.html

© Project SOUND

Flowers are like orchids Blooms:

Long bloom period usually Apr-Aug/Sept. in S. CA

Flowers: Like an orchid or Catalpa Extremely showy – tropical- or

Mediterranean-looking Light fragrance – somewhat like

violets Nectar attracts hummingbirds &

bees

Seeds: In long, thin pods Tan pods remain on tree through

winter

http://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result.php?id_image=21931

http://www.smugmug.com/gallery/1788381_t5i7e/1/91507869_yreg7#91507869_yreg7

© Project SOUND

Common cultivars

If you're looking for a specific flower color, shop in spring, while the trees are in bloom.

Named cultivars are propagated vegetatively and are consistent in their flower characteristics.

Look for a tree with good vigor and a profusion of blooms in the color you like.

‘Lucretia Hamilton’

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-436.html

‘Burgandy’

‘Warren Jones’http://www.flickr.com/photos/vsny/2530579994/

© Project SOUND

Many uses for Desert Willow As a shade tree – even in lawns

(with well-drained soils) Produces filtered sun – can grow

other plants beneath it Winter deciduous Good near decks/patios

As a specimen/accent tree –even on parking strips

For erosion control on slopes

As a large informal hedge or screen; windbreak

In very large containers – better in ground

http://www.delange.org/WillowDesert/WillowDesert.htm

http://desertwillow.us/

We like winter-deciduous – but want a bit more shade

© Project SOUND


© Project SOUND

Netleaf hackberry – Celtis laevigata var. reticulataCeltis reticulata

Native to western United States (mainly the Southwest), but extending eastward

Riverside & San Bernardino Co, Kern Co -Banning, Mojave Desert Mtns

Most commonly in bottomlands, washes, ravines, arroyos, etc. Also as scattered individuals in desert shrubland and semi-desert grasslands.

© Project SOUND

Netleaf hackberry – Celtis laevigata var. reticulata

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7729,7730,7731

http://www.arizonensis.org/sonoran/fieldguide/plantae/celtis_reticulata.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtis_reticulata

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celtis_reticulata_range_map_3.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celtis_reticulata_range_map_3.png

© Project SOUND

Celtis: nice size water-wise tree Size:

20-30 ft tall 20-30 ft wide

Growth form: Usually a small tree with relatively

short trunk; bumpy bark Spreading branches; rounded form Medium-slow growth; lives 100-

200 years Winter deciduous

Foliage: Medium green; simple with net-like

veins underside; gritty feel

Roots: wide-spreading, shallow & deep. Don’t plant too near foundation

©2013 Jean Pawek

http://www.bio.utexas.edu/courses/bio406d/images/pics/ulm/celtis_laevigata_reticulata.htmhttp://www.bio.utexas.edu/courses/bio406d/images/pics/ulm/celtis_laevigata_reticulata.htm

Fruit: sweet drupes

Fruits are small drupes ( ¼ - ½ inch)

Ripen in late summer or fall; ripe fruits are red to dark red

Surprisingly sweet and tasty – you can eat them fresh, but they have a big seed

Important food source for many Native American peoples; eat fresh, dried, as fruit leather, cooked

Make nice jelly, candy, syrup – or dried and ground for tea, seasoning

Birds love them; they stay on the tree in winter, so birds can eat great quantities of them

© Project SOUND

http://www.friocanyonnature.com/n/w/celtis-r.htm

© Project SOUND

Hackberry: hardy Soils: Texture: any well-drained pH: any local, including alkali


Water: Winter: adequate Summer: wide tolerance range:

Water Zone 1-2 to 2-3

Fertilizer: whatever you want

Other: galls are common; other than that no problems

Sheri Hagwood @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

http://www.arizonensis.org/sonoran/fieldguide/plantae/celtis_reticulata.htmlStart training up fairly early

© Project SOUND

Hackberry: water-wise shade tree

Shade, water-wise, habitat and fruit – good all-purpose tree

Good choice for home & public Fine for rain garden/infiltration Takes heat, cold, sun

http://artmeetsnature.org/portfolio/treesx/pages/Celtis%20reticulata-1.htm

What about something more open & lacy?

© Project SOUND


Crepe myrtle Pacific wax myrtle

© Project SOUND

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/432416001694936923/http://crapemyrtleguy.com/blog/

© Project SOUND

* Baja Birdbush – Ornithostaphylos oppositifolia

© 2005 TRNERR P. Roullard

Very limited range (narrow endemic) : San Diego Co. and N. Baja

In Chaparral from 180-2500‘

listed as endangered under the California Endangered Species Act.

© Project SOUND

* Baja Birdbush – Ornithostaphylos oppositifolia


©2005 TRNERR P. Roullard http://www.plantscomprehensive.com/ornithostaphylos-oppositifolia-aka-palo-blanco-aka-baja-bird-bush

© Project SOUND

An unusual and lovely shrub or small tree

Size: 6-10 ft tall 6-8 ft wide

Growth form: Erect, multi-branched evergreen

shrub Reddish-brown bark; peels in thin

sheets to expose smooth, white or gray-green stems – hence the common name ‘Palo blanco’;

Foliage: Thick, linear leaves - shiny green

above and pale green beneath Looks almost like an olive

© 2005 TRNERR P. Roullard

© Project SOUND

Flowers like manzanita

Blooms: winter, usually Jan-March in western L.A. Co.

Flowers: Small, pale-pink or white and

urn-shaped Attracts butterflies

Fruits: Also like manzanita Loved by birds; also eaten

by Native Californians

© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: well-drained, rocky pH: any local except alkali

Light: Full sun best Part-sun OK

Water: Winter: adequate Summer: looks best with

occasional water (Zone 2 or 1-2) but very drought tolerant.


Other: leaf mulch/self-mulch

© Project SOUND

Garden uses for Palo Blanco

As a unique and rare specimen plant – like a manzanita

As a small tree – somewhat like Crepe Myrtle in architecture

In a white/moonlight garden

Does well in large pots

Can even make an informal hedge

Good for hot gardens

http://www.flickr.com/photos/briweldon/5209373967/

Palo Blanco gives the feel of a dry forest

© Project SOUND

That may be just the look you want for your garden

Have sandy soil – love the look of the desert

© Project SOUND

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olneya

© Project SOUND

*Desert ironwood – Olneya tesota

http://arboretum.arizona.edu/old-main-tour

© Project SOUND

*Desert ironwood – Olneya tesota

Sonoran Desert of CA, AZ and n. Mexico;Imperial, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego counties

In washes, arroyos, flood plains to 2500 ft. – sandy/rocky soil, intermittent water

Member of Desert Riparian plant community

http://www.livescience.com/51276-desert-ironwood-trees-photos.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olneya

© Project SOUND

Desert ironwood is one tough tree! Size:

15-35 ft tall (slow-moderate) 15-25 ft wide

Growth form: Shrubby tree, often multi-trunk,

mounded form Attractive gray bark Partially drought deciduous;

evergreen with a little water

Foliage: Leaves compound, medium- to blue-

green, leathery Sharp, curved thorns at leaf base Very nice looking tree; long-lived

Roots: Deep and shallow; shallow ones

nitrogen-fixing

http://www.livescience.com/51276-desert-ironwood-trees-photos.html

© Project SOUND

Flowers like orchids

Blooms: late spring into summer

Flowers: Pea-shape; in clusters Color: white, pink, lavender Bee pollinated Very pretty – showy – trees

covered with blooms

Seeds: In bean-like, brown pods Edible seeds Birds, animals love them!

http://faculty.ucr.edu/~chappell/INW/plants/ironwoodblossoms.shtml

http://ironwoodforest.org/about/the-monument/nature/desert-ironwood-tree

© Project SOUND

Very hardy Sonoran Desert tree

Soils: Texture: must be well-drained:

sandy, gravelly pH: any local

Light: full sun; takes heat well

Water: Winter: needs adequate Summer: deep water monthly or

less once established (Water Zone 2 or 1-2)


Other: Will need to be pruned up – be

careful of thorns Plant 10 ft. from watered lawn;

don’t over-water Flower, pod, leaf drop – self-mulch

http://web.gccaz.edu/glendalelibrary/glis%20olneya%20tesota.htm

© Project SOUND

Water-wise with the look of Crepe Myrtle or Olive

Good shade tree; becomes more dense with water, age

Often used in desert front yards –with Sonoran desert (or other Zone 2) plants (serves as nurse plant)

Attractive: needs few other plantingshttp://www.enchantedgardenaz.com/plants_pg3.htm

http://deserthorizonnursery.com/desert-trees/ironwood-tree/ http://www.desertharvesters.org/native-plant-food-guides-the-desert-can-feed-you/desert-ironwood/

Desert trees as ‘nurse plants’

Ironwood functions as a habitat modifying keystone species – a nurse plant

Services they provide: Safe sites for seed dispersal Seedling protection from

extreme cold and freezes Sapling protection from

extreme heat and damaging radiation.

Protection from herbivores preying on vulnerable plant seedlings

Enrich the soil with nutrients such as nitrogen.

Other examples: Mesquites and Palo verde

© Project SOUND

Edible seeds are an extra plus!

Fresh seeds taste like fresh soybeans

Seeds can also be dried, roasted or parched and eaten as pinole, or ground into a flour

Can also be sprouted for sprouts (like bean sprouts)

© Project SOUND

http://www.desertharvesters.org/native-plant-food-guides-the-desert-can-feed-you/desert-ironwood/

The wood is fantastic: prized by woodworkers

Very hard & heavy – traditionally used for tool handles and other ‘heavy use’ items like arrowheads

Wonderful grain, colors

Also makes great charcoal

© Project SOUNDhttp://straightrazorplace.com/workshop/38870-olneya-tesota-desert-ironwood.html

http://ironwoodmexico.com/information

http://www.edelholzverkauf.de/?MODsid=73c67940b6831d1940bc4f02c35ac56c

© Project SOUND

*Honey mesquite – Prosopis glandulosa

https://www.springspreserve.org/apps/plant/detail.cfml?current_page=16&type=80&id=15190

© Project SOUND

*Western honey mesquite – Prosopis glandulosa

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?PRGLT

Southwest U.S. and Mexico

In CA (var. torreyana) : San Joaquin Valley, San Gabriel & San Bernardino Mtns, Mojave & Sonoran Deserts south into Mexico.

Common. Mesas, washes, bottomlands, sandy alluvial flats and other low places to 4000', creosote bush scrub, alkali sink.

©2002 California Academy of Sciences http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/hdl/index/assoc/HASH011e.dir/p060.png

© Project SOUND

Honey mesquite: large member of the Pea Family Size:


Growth form: Large shrub or tree Mounded or weeping form Bark red, brown or gray 2 inch thorns

Foliage: Medium green Double-compound leaves with 15-35

rather narrow leaflets – feathery or fern-like appearance

Roots: Deep taproot (to 150 ft.) Shallow roots (N-fixing); most nutrients

http://wnmu.edu/academic/nspages/gilaflora/prosopis_glandulosa.html

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/537--prosopis-glandulosa-torreyana

https://selectree.calpoly.edu/tree-detail/prosopis-glandulosa-torreyana

© Project SOUND

Mesquite flowers: small

Blooms: in warm weather – April to August

Flowers: Small, yellow flowers on

dense stalks Sweetly fragrant; bee

pollinated Unique – make you want to

look at them up close (sort of like willow catkins)

Seeds: Bean-like pods with

constrictions between seeds

Another edible ‘Pea’ Lining of seedpods separated, dried,

and ground into a powder to make mesquite meal or mesquite flour

Sweet, caramel-tasting; a staple of indigenous diet & now sold commercially

Can be used to make breads, cookies and other baked goods.

When fermented, it produces a slightly alcoholic beverage.

The green pods can be boiled in water to make a syrup or molasses.

A tea or broth can also be made from the pods.

© Project SOUND©2005 Robert Sivinski

http://sagebud.com/honey-mesquite-prosopis-glandulosa

http://wnmu.edu/academic/nspages/gilaflora/prosopis_glandulosa.html

© Project SOUND

Adaptable Mesquite Soils:

Texture: just about any pH: any local

Light: full sun

Water: Winter: need adequate Summer: best with occasional deep

water – Water Zone 1-2 to 2

Fertilizer: fine with poor soils; likely fine with light fertilizer

Other: Prune up (carefully) for tree Low risk – roots not invasive Does drop leaves, pods

http://blog.growingwithscience.com/tag/prosopis-glandulosa/

© Project SOUND

Ornamental shade Fast-growing & attractive

Best 10-20 ft. away from lawn or regular water

Nice, medium shade – the best kind to have!

Excellent habitat treehttp://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PRGLT

http://knpr.org/programs/norms-favorite-desert-treeshttps://www.springspreserve.org/apps/plant/detail.cfml?current_page=8&type=85&id=15037

Mesquites are important medicinal plants

Pods/Seeds: Eyewash Sunburn treatment Sore throat

Gum (exuded from trunk): Eyewash for infection and

irritation Treatment for sores, wounds,

burns, chapped fingers and lips and sunburn

Diarrhea, stomach inflammation, system cleansing or to settle the intestines

Sore throat, cough, laryngitis, fever reduction, painful gums

Leaves Eyewash To treat headaches, painful

gums and bladder infection

© Project SOUND

Mesquite wood (smoke) is also favored for barbeque

http://www.couponclippingcook.com/how-to-barbeque-a-turkey/

https://www.groupon.com/deals/green-mesquite-round-rock-1

Who needs Crepe Myrtle when we have attractive, water-wise natives

© Project SOUND

What if you like the looks of an Olive tree?

© Project SOUND

https://ferrebeekeeper.wordpress.com/2012/06/13/athenas-gift/

© Project SOUND

Toyon – Heteromeles arbutifolia

Some local native shrubs can be usedas ‘tree-like’ shrubs (somewhat olive-like)

Lemonadeberry – Rhus integrifolia

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/11962755236984722/

© Project SOUND

* Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens

USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

© Project SOUND

* Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens

SW north America from TX & CO to CA and s. to northern Mexico

In CA, mostly in foothills of dry desert mountains, 3000-7000 ft. Dry slopes, canyons, cliffs Creosote bush scrub, chaparral,

coastal sage scrub and foothill woodland

Forestiera: named after Charles Le Forestier (?-1820), an 18th century French physician and naturalist,

pubescens: with soft, downy hair Other common names are Elbow

Bush & New Mexico Privet


© Project SOUND

Desert Olive: large shrub or small tree? Size:

10-15+ ft tall; mod. long-lived 12-15 ft wide

Growth form: Woody shrub/tree; lovely gray

bark ; moderate growth rate Somewhat mounded shape –

reminds me of Laurel Sumac –but may be almost vine-like

Densely branched, some thorny; hard wood (used for tools)

Foliage: Winter deciduous Bright green/gray-green leaves

– yellow color in fall

Roots: naturally clump-forminghttp://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=FOPUP

USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/dendrology/syllabus2/factsheet.cfm?ID=739

Yes, Desert olives do make olives

Plants are dioecious (separate male & female plants)

Fruits (olives) only on female plants, and only if you have both male & female plants

© Project SOUND

© Project SOUND

Can be pruned and shaped, even hedged

Can be sheared to make a reasonable hedge

Mix with other species in mixed hedge or hedgerow

Very adaptable and useful – could probably even be espaliered

Limit water to provide better shape

http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4DMG/Trees/Shrubs/mexpriv.htm

http://flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2640329338/in/set-72157605994561368/http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2973733432/

Forestiera & Cornus glabrata

© Project SOUND

Desert Olive makes a lovely tree

Use as a substitute for non-native white-bark ornamentals like Olive, Aspen, Melaluca

Great plant for front yard, background areas, along roadways –very tough and need little water

Management: Start selective pruning in first

year Limit to 1-5 stems; prune out the

rest Selectively prune each winter to

provide open habit

© Project SOUND

* Silver buffaloberry – Shepherdia argentea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherdia_argentea

Primary distribution outside of CA South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse

Ranges, San Bernardino Mountains Mt. Pinos, Cuyama River Valley/Piru Along streams, river bottoms, slopes,

1000–2000 m. Introduced into cultivation in California

by Theodore Payne

© Project SOUND

* Silver buffaloberry – Shepherdia argentea

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?SHAR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherdia_argentea©2010 Lee Dittmann

© Project SOUND

Silver buffaloberry: silvery foliage Size:

6-15 ft tall 6-10 ft wide

Growth form: Deciduous large shrub or small

tree Bark silver-white, exfoliating Some stout thorns

Foliage: Leaves simple, lance-shaped Color: silvery green – like olive

tree

Roots: complex; shallow and deep; sprouting from rhizomes

©2005 Louis-M. Landry

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SHAR

© Project SOUND

Flowers: simple

Blooms: in spring - usually April-May in many areas

Flowers: Dioecious (separate male &

female plants) Both are simple, yellow

flowers – small (males slightly larger)

Long bloom period Bee pollinated – perhaps with

help from pollinator flies

Vegetative reproduction: sprouting from rhizomes

Al Schneider @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Fruits are drupe-like

Ripe color varies – usually dark red but may be yellow

Fruits have single large seed Use soon after harvesting – and

best to harvest after a cold spell – sweeter

Used to make pies, jams, and jellies & other cooked foods; or dried – breaks down the low levels of saponins

Native Americans also used berries/bark medicinally for fevers, stomach complaints & more.

© Project SOUNDhttp://www.nps.gov/plants/sos/news/BLM-Montana-Dakotas%20Miles%20City%20Field%20Office%20Develops%20Native%20Plant%20Materials%20Program.htm

© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils:

Texture: well-drained is best, but adaptable

pH: any local

Light: Full sun to part-shade

Water: Winter: needs good moisture Summer: fairly drought tolerant

but best with some summer water – Water Zone 2 or 2-3. Let dry out between waterings to prevent fungal diseases


Other: inorganic or thin layer of organic mulch; prune out suckers regularly – other than that easy

© Project SOUND

Silver buffaloberry Often used as hedge/ hedgerow plant

– also good on slopes

Nice accent plant – showy foliage, fruit – quite pretty with a little pruning

Prune up for a small tree – nice shape

R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

http://conservationgardenpark.org/plants/213/silver-buffaloberry/http://search.millcreeknursery.ca/11050005/Plant/443/Silver_Buffaloberry

We hope this talk has given you some things to ponder – and some hope for the future

© Project SOUNDhttp://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/

What trees should I choose? The answers are not all available

Need to weigh the effects of heat as well as those of intermittent drought & other factors

Need for empirical studies in the local setting – role of CSUDH, local gardens

© Project SOUND

Current favorites (based on last four years) Citrus fruits: ‘Moro’ and other blood oranges;

lemons; grapefruits

Local natives: Mulefat - Baccharis salicifolia Mountain mahagony – Cercocarpus spp. Fremontodendron spp. Toyon - Heteromeles arbutifolia Boxthorns – Lyceum spp. Catalina ironwood - Lyonothamnus floribundus Laurel sumac - Malosma laurina Catalina Island cherry - Prunus ilicifolia ssp. lyonii Local Quercus (Oaks) Rhus (especially Lemonadeberry) ? Chaparral currant - Ribes malvaceum ? Blue elderberry - Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea ? Mission manzanita - Xylococcus bicolor

© Project SOUND

Desert/chaparral natives to considerTrees

Arctostaphylos pungens Chilopsis linearis ssp. arcuata Hesperocyperus forbesii Hesperocyparis nevadensis Juniperus californica Olneya tesota Ornithostaphylos oppositifolia Parkinsonia florida Pinus edulis Pinus monophylla Prosopis glandulosa Prosopis velutina Prunus andersonii Prunus fasciculata

Large shrubs Acacia/Senegalia greggii Baccharis sarothroides Calliandra californica Celtis laevigata var. reticulata Cupressus arizonica ssp arizonica Fallugia paradoxa Forestiera pubescens var.

pubescens Hyptis emoryi Lycium andersonii var. deserticola Lycium brevipes Mahonia fremontii Mahonia nevinii Shepherdia argentea Simmondsia chinensis© Project SOUND

Climate change will be a challenge to local plants in the future – often in subtle ways

A few more really hot days –but generally warmer temps

Warmer nights

Shorter winters – chill factor

Pollinator mis-match due to seasonal shifts & higher temperatures

‘tropical’ pest species: insects and pathogens

© Project SOUND

We’ll discuss these and other topics in greater detail in future talks

© Project SOUNDhttp://www.immersivmedia.com/gardensoft/garden_detail.aspx?garden=1085

But we do hope you’re inspired to plant a tree

Education

Trees for future 2016