Water, people and the media

PeopleMediaBajinder Pal Singh

[email protected] at seminar “Water Crisis and Role of Media in People’s Movement-organised by the local chapter of the Indian Media Centre at ICSSR Complex, Panjab University (PU), on 14 June 2009.

How much water do youHow much water do you

Consume?Consume?

An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life

Courtesy: R K Laxman’s common man



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= 1 litre

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= 15 litre

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= 1 litre

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= 226.5 litre

= 5 min

= 15 min

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6 Posers 6 Posers

POSER 1: How much water do you consume?POSER 1: How much water do you consume?


Consume?Consume?

Drink?Drink?

How much water do you drink How much water do you drink every day?every day?

Thirst : a painting by William Bouguereau

2 LITRES ?


Consume ?Consume ?

Drink ?Drink ?


Consume ?Consume ?

Drink ?Drink ?

Eat ?Eat ?

How much water do you eat?How much water do you eat?







From Real Water…From Real Water…

Real Water

……to Virtual Waterto Virtual Water

Real Water

From Real Water to Virtual WaterFrom Real Water to Virtual Water

Real Water

Once crop is harvested the water changesOnce crop is harvested the water changes

Virtual Water

Source: http://fao.org/nr/waterSource: http://fao.org/nr/water

How much water is….How much water is….

Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water





































Virtual WaterVirtual WaterVirtual water is the amount of water

that is embedded in food or other products needed for its production.

For example, to produce one kilogram of wheat we need about 1,000 litres of water, i.e. the virtual water of this kilogram of wheat is 1,000 litres. : World Water Council

Virtual WaterVirtual WaterAlso known as •Embedded water•Hidden water•Embodied water

Crown Princess Victoria presented the Stockholm Water Prize to John Anthony Allan for his “virtual water" concept. Date: 2008-08-29 Source: http://www.royalcourt.se/royalcourt/theroyalfamily/latestnews/2008/2008archive/crownprincesspresentsstockholmwaterprize.5.30963a1811be3fda3ab80001644.html

Calculation virtual waterCalculation virtual water

Calculating virtual waterCalculating virtual waterIndia may require more water to produce wheat than the USBecause of heat, climate, soil......

Calculating virtual waterCalculating virtual waterIndia may require more water to produce than the USBecause of heat, climate, soil......

MM33 /ton /ton IndiaIndia

WheatWheat 16541654

Rice Rice PaddyPaddy

28502850

CottonCotton

SeedSeed

82648264

Coffee Coffee (green)(green)

1218012180

Chicken Chicken MeatMeat

77367736Source: UNESCO – Institute of Water EducationWater footprints of nations Volume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004

Calculating virtual waterCalculating virtual waterIndia may require more water to produce than the USBecause of heat, climate, soil......

MM33 /ton /ton USAUSA ChinaChina IndiaIndia World World

AverageAverage

WheatWheat 849849 690690 16541654 29752975


12751275 13211321 28502850 22912291

CottonCotton

SeedSeed

25352535 14191419 82648264 36443644


48644864 62906290 1218012180 1737517375


23892389 36523652 77367736 39183918Source: UNESCO – Institute of Water EducationWater footprints of nations Volume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004

Implications of virtual waterImplications of virtual waterIndia may require more water to produce than the USBecause of heat, climate, soil......

MM33 /ton /ton USAUSA ChinaChina IndiaIndia World World

AverageAverage

WheatWheat 849849 690690 16541654 29752975


12751275 13211321 28502850 22912291

CottonCotton

SeedSeed

25352535 14191419 82648264 36443644


48644864 62906290 1218012180 1737517375


23892389 36523652 77367736 39183918Source: UNESCO – Institute of Water EducationWater footprints of nations Volume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004


Consume ?Consume ?

Drink ?Drink ?

Eat ?Eat ?


Consume ?Consume ?

Drink ?Drink ?

Eat ?Eat ?

Export ?Export ?

Implications of virtual waterImplications of virtual water


India

Pakistan


India

Pakistan

1 kg wheat

Virtual water tradeVirtual water trade

India

Pakistan

1 kg wheat = 1654 litres

Global Virtual Water TradeGlobal Virtual Water Trade

Change in export policy?Change in export policy?

Water-scarce Water-scarce countries like Israel countries like Israel discourage the export discourage the export of oranges (relatively of oranges (relatively heavy water guzzlers) heavy water guzzlers) precisely to prevent precisely to prevent large quantities of large quantities of water being exported water being exported to different parts of to different parts of the worldthe world

Reverse drain?Reverse drain?

““Research shows that certain Research shows that certain states in water-deficit North states in water-deficit North Western India send surplus grain Western India send surplus grain to meet the deficit of water-to meet the deficit of water-abundant states”:abundant states”:

International Water Management International Water Management Institute (IWMI)Institute (IWMI)

Source: p4. Water Figures . Quaterly Newsletter of IWMI. Source: p4. Water Figures . Quaterly Newsletter of IWMI. ISSUE 1 2009

Virtual Water exportersVirtual Water exporters

StateState Virtual Water ExportVirtual Water Export

PunjabPunjab 20.9 x 1020.9 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year

Source: Kampman, D.A., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Krol, M.S. (2008) ' The water footprint of India '

Virtual Water exportersVirtual Water exporters

StateState Virtual Water ExportVirtual Water Export


Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 20.8 x 1020.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year


Virtual water exportersVirtual water exporters

StateState Virtual water ExportVirtual water Export



HaryanaHaryana 14.1 x 1014.1 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year



StateState Virtual water ExportVirtual water Export



HaryanaHaryana 14.1 x 1014.1 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year

Virtual Water ImportVirtual Water Import

BiharBihar 15.3 x 1015.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year

JharkhandJharkhand 9.3 x 109.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year

OrissaOrissa 4.8 x 104.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year


StateState Virtual water ExportVirtual water Export Per capita Per capita

Water resourcesWater resources(Cubic metre /capita/year )(Cubic metre /capita/year )

PunjabPunjab 20.9 x 1020.9 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 35543554

Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 20.8 x 1020.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 29922992

HaryanaHaryana 14.1 x 1014.1 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 21762176


BiharBihar 15.3 x 1015.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 68986898

JharkhandJharkhand 9.3 x 109.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 45804580

OrissaOrissa 4.8 x 104.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 87108710


StateState Virtual water ExportVirtual water Export Per capita Per capita

Water resourcesWater resources(Cubic metre /capita/year )(Cubic metre /capita/year )

PunjabPunjab 20.9 x 1020.9 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 35543554

Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 20.8 x 1020.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 29922992

HaryanaHaryana 14.1 x 1014.1 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 21762176


BiharBihar 15.3 x 1015.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 68986898

JharkhandJharkhand 9.3 x 109.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 45804580

OrissaOrissa 4.8 x 104.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 87108710

PunjabPunjab



Consume ?Consume ?

Drink ?Drink ?

Eat ?Eat ?

Export ?Export ?


Consume ?Consume ?

Drink ?Drink ?

Eat ?Eat ?

Export ?Export ?

Wear ?Wear ?

How much water do you wear?How much water do you wear?

Production of 1 cotton shirt weighing 300 Production of 1 cotton shirt weighing 300 grams approximately 2,500 litersgrams approximately 2,500 liters

SourceSource: UNESCO-IHE: UNESCO-IHE

Water FootprintWater Footprint


Consume ?Consume ?

Drink ?Drink ?

Eat ?Eat ?

Export ?Export ?

Wear ?Wear ?


Consume ?Consume ?

Drink ?Drink ?

Eat ?Eat ?

Export ?Export ?

Wear ?Wear ?

Footprint?Footprint?


Is defined as the total water used for the Is defined as the total water used for the production of the goods and services production of the goods and services consumed by the individual. consumed by the individual.

It can be estimated by multiplying all It can be estimated by multiplying all goods and services consumed by their goods and services consumed by their respective virtual-water content. respective virtual-water content.


Of an individual

Of a product

Of a company

Of a nation


CountryCountry Water FootprintWater Footprint

m3/cap/yrm3/cap/yr

GlobalGlobal 12401240

USAUSA 24802480

Greece, Italy, SpainGreece, Italy, Spain 2300-24002300-2400

ChinaChina 700700

IndiaIndia 980 980

Source: Source: Water footprints of nationsWater footprints of nationsVolume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004Volume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004


The 10 largest water users (in volume) are The 10 largest water users (in volume) are India, China, the United States, Pakistan, India, China, the United States, Pakistan, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Mexico and the Russian Federation* Mexico and the Russian Federation*

* Source: 3rd UN World Water Development Report, 2009


The 10 largest water users (in volume) are The 10 largest water users (in volume) are India, China, the United States, Pakistan, India, China, the United States, Pakistan, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Mexico and the Russian Federation* Mexico and the Russian Federation*

• India is the country with the largest India is the country with the largest footprint in the world 987 Gm3/yrfootprint in the world 987 Gm3/yr

* Source: 3rd UN World Water Development Report, 2009

Era of scarcity

Era of scarcity

Source:Shiklomanov, I.A. 1999. World water resources and their use: a joint SHI/UNESCO product. http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/

Era of scarcity

India and waterIndia and water

YearYear Water Water availabilityavailability

mm33/capita/year/capita/year

RankingRanking

19801980 2000-50002000-5000 LowLow

20002000 1000-20001000-2000 Very lowVery low

20202020 < 1000< 1000 Drastically Drastically lowlow

(Source: Stockholm Environmental Institute data – Comprehensive assessment of fresh water resources in the world.)(Source: Stockholm Environmental Institute data – Comprehensive assessment of fresh water resources in the world.)

Waste water in agriculture ?Waste water in agriculture ?

Survey of 53 cities in world conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

80 % are using untreated or partially treated wastewater for agriculture.

In over 70 % of the cities, more than 50 % of urban agricultural land is irrigated with wastewater that is either raw or diluted in streams

There are now WHO guidelines on use of water in agriculture titled “Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater”

Ismail Serageldin Ismail Serageldin Former Vice President, World BankFormer Vice President, World Bank

Kofi AnnanKofi AnnanFormer Secretary General of UNFormer Secretary General of UN

Water WarsWater Wars

““The wars of the next century will be fought not over oil, The wars of the next century will be fought not over oil, but water...unless we change the way we manage it" but water...unless we change the way we manage it" : Ismail Serageldin (1996): Ismail Serageldin (1996)

"fierce competition for fresh water may well become "fierce competition for fresh water may well become a source of conflict and wars in the future“ (2000)a source of conflict and wars in the future“ (2000)


The CIA’s report, Global Trends 2015The CIA’s report, Global Trends 2015 ……water scarcities and allocation will pose water scarcities and allocation will pose

significant challenges to governments in significant challenges to governments in the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, South AsiaSouth Asia, and northern China, and northern China

Water will remain South Asia’s most vital Water will remain South Asia’s most vital and most contested natural resource and most contested natural resource

Potential & Existing ConflictsPotential & Existing Conflicts

Source: http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/22.htm

CountriesCountries RiverRiver

Turkey, Syria & IraqTurkey, Syria & Iraq Tigris & EuphratesTigris & Euphrates

Israel, Jordan, Syria & PalestineIsrael, Jordan, Syria & Palestine Jordan river, Golan height aquifersJordan river, Golan height aquifers

India & PakistanIndia & Pakistan PunjabPunjab

India & BangladeshIndia & Bangladesh Ganges &BrahmaputraGanges &Brahmaputra

China, Indochina & TaiwanChina, Indochina & Taiwan MekongMekong

Tajikistan, Kyrghyzstan & Tajikistan, Kyrghyzstan & UzbekistanUzbekistan

Oxus & JaxartesOxus & Jaxartes

Ethiopia, Sudan Ethiopia, Sudan and East African and East African riparian countries, riparian countries,

Nile riverNile river

CountriesCountries RiverRiver

Turkey, Syria & IraqTurkey, Syria & Iraq Tigris & EuphratesTigris & Euphrates

Israel, Jordan, Syria & PalestineIsrael, Jordan, Syria & Palestine Jordan river, Golan height aquifersJordan river, Golan height aquifers

India & PakistanIndia & Pakistan PunjabPunjab

India & BangladeshIndia & Bangladesh Ganges &BrahmaputraGanges &Brahmaputra

China, Indochina & TaiwanChina, Indochina & Taiwan MekongMekong

Tajikistan, Kyrghyzstan & Tajikistan, Kyrghyzstan & UzbekistanUzbekistan

Oxus & JaxartesOxus & Jaxartes

Ethiopia, Sudan Ethiopia, Sudan and East African and East African riparian countries, riparian countries,

Nile riverNile river

Potential & Existing ConflictsPotential & Existing Conflicts

Source: http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/22.htm


RivalryRivalry

rival (n.)rival (n.) from L. rivalis "a rival," originally, "one from L. rivalis "a rival," originally, "one

who uses the same stream" (or "one on who uses the same stream" (or "one on the opposite side of the stream"), from the opposite side of the stream"), from rivus "brook" (see rivulet). The notion is of rivus "brook" (see rivulet). The notion is of the competitiveness of neighbors. the competitiveness of neighbors.

How could water scarcity impact How could water scarcity impact our livesour lives


It is already impacting our livesIt is already impacting our lives


It is already impacting our livesIt is already impacting our lives Ban on Ban on

watering of lawns during morningswatering of lawns during mornings washing cars during morningswashing cars during mornings preparation of milk based sweetspreparation of milk based sweets Sowing of paddy before June 15Sowing of paddy before June 15

We are already consuming food prepared We are already consuming food prepared from waste waterfrom waste water

What more?What more?

Shift fromShift from Rice Paddy to other cropsRice Paddy to other crops Meat eating to vegetarian dietsMeat eating to vegetarian diets Burgers back to naan / roti / parathaBurgers back to naan / roti / paratha

Media AnalysisMedia Analysis

Serious analysis on media coverage of Water issues has Serious analysis on media coverage of Water issues has been found lackingbeen found lacking

A very good example which could be followed is that of A very good example which could be followed is that of Australia. Australia. Using the CARMA® system, an internationally recognised Computer Aided Research and Media Analysis methodology

Source: http://www.mediamonitors.com.au/insights/media-analysis

Media coverage of water in Media coverage of water in AustraliaAustralia

Every adult or child over the age of reason in Australia is aware of a water crisis

Between Jan-April 2007 - 80,000 media news reports, features articles, columns, letters to the editor and radio and TV program segments discussing water

3.5 billion Opportunities to See*



Quantitive & Qualitative AnalysisQuantitive & Qualitative Analysis


An analysis of national English dailiesAn analysis of national English dailies

An analysis of vernacular daily in PunjabAn analysis of vernacular daily in Punjab

An analysis of city supplements of English dailiesAn analysis of city supplements of English dailies

Duration: June 4-10, 2009Duration: June 4-10, 2009

Page analysed : Page 1Page analysed : Page 1

Media coverage of water in IndiaMedia coverage of water in India

The Times of India: June 4. 2009







The Indian Express: June 4. 2009 The Indian Express: June 5. 2009



The Indian Express: June 10. 2009

Daily Ajit: June 4. 2009 Daily Ajit: June 5. 2009



Daily Ajit: June 10. 2009

Chandigarh Newsline: June 09. 2009

HT Chandigarh Live: June 09. 2009 HT Chandigarh Live: June 09. 2009

Who loves water more?Who loves water more?

National dailies lack National dailies lack coverage on water issuescoverage on water issues

Vernacular dailies are Vernacular dailies are reporting on water issues reporting on water issues

City supplements – in City supplements – in their quest for civic their quest for civic journalism stress on journalism stress on water issues – though water issues – though policy issues are missingpolicy issues are missing

When does water make to newsWhen does water make to news

Water becomes an issueWater becomes an issue Scarcity Scarcity

• Drought, Drought, • late monsoon etclate monsoon etc

SurplusSurplus• FloodsFloods

ContaminationContamination• UncleanUnclean• pesticide pesticide

Indian film song – clamouring for water/rainshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toJxhZ-DZQk