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Western Scholarship
20th – 21st CenturyPrepared by :1. Samini A.
2. Shareen Lee3. Thanavathi
TIMELINE
Structuralism
Sassure, Bloomfield
Generativism
20th century
21th century
Functionalism
Chomsky, Shaumyan
Simon Dik, Michael Halliday, Robert van Valin
Structuralism
When?• Early 20th century 1920s
1930s – 1960s
Father of Structuralism…Ferdinand de Saussure
What?• Language has a structure - Language is a structure in which each element interact
• Language is a system of signs
- Noise is only language when it
expresses or communicates idea.
• Language operates at two levels: Langue and Parole
- Langue – Abstract system
Parole – The actual speech
Swiss Linguist Studied and taught in
University of Geneva Intellectual ability at 14 Learnt Greek, Latin,
Sanskrit Born in 1857, died at 55
in 1913 PhD Locative Absolute in
Sanskrit Famous bible “Cours de
linguistique generale” (1916)
EUROPEAN STRUCTURALISM
Leonard BloomfieldWhat?• Language is a descriptive
science. -Describe what people say. Not what people should say.
• The primary form of language is the spoken one.
- Not every language has a written form. Spoken comes first, then the written.
• Language is a system. - Smaller units are arranged systematically to form the larger ones.
• Language is observable speech, not knowledge.
- Language should be based on observable samples (corpus/corpora).
Led the development of structural linguistics in the 1930s and 1940s.
Born in 1887, died at 62 in 1949.
Influential textbook, Language,published in 1933. Comprehensive description on American structural linguistics.
GENERATIVISM
GENERATIVISM
When?– Mid - Late 20th Century (1960s)
(Robert de Beaugrande)
Generativism can designate an approach for relating language to the
intuitive knowledge of speakers and to the mental capacities of humans at large.
Who?
History
• Dec 7 1928 • American Linguist,
Philosopher, Cognitive Scientist, Logician, Activist
What
• Highly credited for the development of Generativism
• Has a significant impact on the intellectual community since the mid 20th Century
Contributions
• Development of the Theories of generative grammar
• Classification of formal language properties in the Chomsky Hierarchy
• Critiques of the school of Behaviorism
Avram Noam Chomsky
GENERATIVE THEORYWhat?
explains language as a form of knowledge, a unique (human) capacity which is part of our cognitive makeup
.
.
Universal Grammarprimary objective
of the discipline of linguistics
basic form of language is a set of universal syntactic rules
and underlies the grammars of all languages
UNIVERSAL GRAMMARChomsky’s theories grew out of criticism of
Behaviourism. In learning language,
complex grammars are acquired rapidly. Mental grammar is
innate and universal
SINS OF GENERATIVISMShaumyan (1987: 30)
Generativism distorts
linguistic reality in the
following ways: rejects the
phonological level.
confounds the
constituency
relations with linear word order
uses fictitious entities called
deep structures and fictitious phonological
representations
confounds the phonological level with the morphological
level
FUNCTIONALISM
FUNCTIONAL THEORIES OF GRAMMAR
approaches to the study of language that see the functions of language.
pay attention to the way language is actually used in communicative context.
differs significantly from other linguistic theories which stress purely formal approaches to grammar.
The structuralist functionalism of the Prague school, was the earliest functionalist framework developed in the
1920s.
Framework
Simon Dik – a language is in the first place conceptualized as an instrument of social instrument
among human beings.
Michael Halliday – linguistics as study of “how people exchange meaning by ‘languaging’.
Robert Van Valin – Sentence is formulated in terms of its semantic
structure and communicative functions.
Danish functional
grammar – pragmatics
and discourse
Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct. England : Penguin. p.22 Widdowson, H.G. (2000).Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. o en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Functional_theories_of_grammarowww.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/222121/functionalism
o http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080625033158AAAD0DY
o https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Michael_Halliday.html
o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralismo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfieldo http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure
REFERENCES:
THE END