An overview of nuclear energy and power reactors

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Engr. M Ali ZulquarnainBangladesh Atomic Energy CommissionE-mail: [email protected] Seminar on Nuclear EnergyNuclear Engineering DepartmentUniversity of DhakaAn Overview on of Nuclear Energy & Power Reactors

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAEC11/24/2014Basic Nuclear Orientation Course-20081Lecture:Add Lecture number and title (see Lesson Plan)Author(s):Add name(s), countryStatus:Master/Copy/VersionComplete/Incomplete/Needs updateModified:11/24/2014Purpose: Add lectures goals that lecturer/trainer has to meet; see Lesson Plan

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Nuclear EnergySome Historical MilestonesNuclear Reactors & NPPs*Generations of Power ReactorsConclusionsContents* NPPs: Nuclear Power PlantsSlide # 2/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECWhy Nuclear Energy?At the present consumption rates, known reserves for coal, oil and gas correspond to a duration of the order of 225, 40 and 60 years.

?

Which Primary Energy Source ?

Curtsey: Dr. Carlo RubbiaSlide # 3/73

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Only two natural resources have the capability to support long term energetic survival of mankind:Nuclear andSolarWhy Nuclear Energy?...

Dr. Carlo RubbiaSlide # 4/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECWhy Nuclear Energy?...Slide # 5/73

...,

Metal

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECNuclear Fuel: Very high Heat ValueSl. No.FuelHeat Value (MJ*/kg)1.Firewood 16 2.Brown coal 93.Black coal (low quality)13 - 204.Black coal24 - 305.Natural Gas396.Crude Oil45 - 467.Uranium** - in light water reactor500,000

*MJ = Mega Joules, ** Natural USlide # 6/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECNo GHGs* and small amount of wastes

Coal plantNPP***GHGs: Green House Gases**NPP: Nuclear Power PlantEach 1000 MWe7 million tonnes of gaseous& 300,000 tonnes of solid wastes per year

0.7 tonne of high level radioactive wasteper year

About 3 million tonnes of coal per year

About 27 tonnes of UO2 per year

Waste Produced:Fuel Consumption:

1000 MW Coal Power PlantSlide # 7/73



No GHGs* and small amount of wastes

Coal plantNPP***GHGs: Green House Gases**NPP: Nuclear Power Plant1000 Mwe NPP7 million tonnes of gaseous& 300,000 tonnes of solid wastes per year

0.7 tonne of high level radioactive wasteper year

About 3 million tonnes of coal per year

About 27 tonnes of UO2 per year

Waste Produced:Fuel Consumption:Slide # 8/73



SourceKilograms of Carbon per MW-h produced Nuclear fission4 Geothermal79 Gas430 Oil828 Coal955

Comparative carbon emission

Source: British Royal Academy of Engineering (2006)Coal-fired power station, BombaySlide # 9/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECGeneration Cost

Generation cost is rather low

Generation cost is less sensitive to Fuel costSlide # 10/73



Deaths from Energy-related Accidents

Number of deaths per Terra Watt-yr (1012 W-year) of electricity productionSlide # 11/73



Coal mine accidents in China

Source: http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/239291.htmNo. of casualties in five years is 25,000 !!Slide # 12/73



Nuclear Waste

99% of the radioactivity produced during operation of NPP is contained in the fuel rods.France produces about 70% of its electricity from nuclear10 g of which is HLWSlide # 13/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECNuclear WasteVitrified spent nuclear fuel of this size would contain the total high-level waste arising from nuclear electricity generation for an average Indian family for 25 years !!

Source: Bhaba Atomic Research Center (BARC), India

Transportation of Spent Nuclear FuelSlide # 14/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAEC15How much Radiation Dose do We get from Operating NPPs ?

= 3 mSv0.31%

Source: UNSCEAR Report 2000 = 3 mSv 100% = 3 mSv>540 atmospheric testsUNSCEAR: UN Scientific Committee on Effect of Atomic RadiationSlide # 15/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAEC

Use of Nuclear EnergyCumulative operating experience: > 15000 Reactor-years432 Reactors in 31 Countries Producing about 14% of the World ElectricitySlide # 16/73


439 nuclear power plants3 countries hold of operating plants - US (104) France (59), and Japan (55)5 nuclear weapons countries also account for >50% of all operating plants

55 in JAPAN

104 in the US

59 in France

NPPs in OperationSlide # 17/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAEC11/24/2014Basic Nuclear Orientation Course-200817

NPPs in Operation

CANDU Reactors at Pickering, CanadaGeneration: 3,100 MWe CANDU: Canadian Deuterium Uranium Reactor Slide # 18/73



NPPs in Operation

PWRs in Diablo Canyon - CA , the USA

Diablo Canyon - CAPWR: Pressurized Water Reactor Generation: 2,000 MWe Slide # 19/73



NPPs in Operation

VVER-100 based Power Plant in Tianwan, ChinaCapacity: 2000 MWeSlide # 20/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAEC11/24/2014Basic Nuclear Orientation Course-200811/24/2014Basic Nuclear Orientation Course-2008Add lecture notes here. Explain subject matter in more detail and give any additional information important for understanding and appreciation of the subject.


NPPs in Operation

CANDU 6 at Qinshan, China(Qinshan Phase-III, Unit-1 & Unit-2)Generation: 1,300 MWe CANDU: Canadian Deuterium Uranium Reactor Slide # 21/73



NPPs in OperationA BWR Plant in Japan

Slide # 22/73



Technology developer countries (NPPs in operation) (12)

Countries with NPPs (18 +12=30)

Newcomer countries (19)

Asia (7)

Europe (3)

Africa (7)

Latin America (2)

More than 60 countries have expressed their interest for nuclear power Newcomer Countries

Slide # 23/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECNuclear EnergySome Historical MilestonesNuclear Reactors & NPPsGenerations of Power ReactorsConclusionsContentsSlide # 24/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECHistorical MilestonesThe following are some of the milestones of importance in nuclear science and technology.1895, Roentgen discovers X-rays (ionizing radiation) 1896, Becquerel discovers radioactivity1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discover new elements Radium and Polonium1905, Einsteins special theory of relativity, equivalence of mass and energy (E=mc2)1911, Rutherford discovers the atomic nucleusSlide # 25/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECHistorical Milestones1913, Bohr publishes model of atom1913, discovery of isotopes1932, Chadwick discovers the neutron1939, Otto-Hahn/Strassmann/Meitner/Frisch discover fission of uranium1942, Fermi produces fission chain reaction in uranium/graphite pile1945 Jul. 16, the U.S. tests fission bomb in New MexicoSlide # 26/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECHistory of Development of NRs*

The 1st Controlled Fission Chain Reaction was achieved at the University of Chicago, in a Graphite Pile, CP-1 under the Football Field, by Dr. Enrico Fermi and his team, on 2nd of Dec 1942 in the USA. *NRs: Nuclear ReactorsSlide # 27/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECHistory of Development of NRsTwo billion years ago nuclear chain reactions started spontaneously in concentrated deposits of uranium ore at Oklo in Gabon, West Africa. The natural reactors operated for several million years forming plutonium and all the highly radioactive wastes created today in a nuclear power reactor.

Oklo mine site, where Nature created the first nuclear reactor. Slide # 28/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECEBR*-1 reactor, in Idaho, USA produced about 100 kWe electricity in December 1951 from NPR for the 1st time in the world. However, it was not connected to the electricity grid.History of Development of NRsEBR-1 Reactor

Slide # 29/73* EBR: Experimental Breeder Reactor


In June 1954, Obninsk APS-1 in USSR, produced 5 MWe, which was supplied to the consumer for the 1st time in the world.History of Development of NRsSlide # 30/73


Following 5 countries introduced their 1st NPP* in 1950s:USA: EBR-1 in 1951USSR: APS-1 in 1954UK: Calder Hall in 1956France: G2 in 1956Germany: Vak Kahl in 1961The 1st unit of Calder Hall, a 50 MWe GCR*NPP: Nuclear Power PlantHistory of Development of NRsSlide # 31/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECFollowing 9 countries introduced their 1st NPP in 1960s:1. Canada (NPD) 2. Belgium (BR-3)3. Japan (JPDR)4. Italy (Latina)5. Sweden (Agesta)6. Spain (Jose Cabrera 1)7. NL (Dodewaard)8. Switzerland (Beznau 1) 9. India (Tarapur)History of Development of NRsSlide # 32/73


17 countries introduced their 1st NPP after the Oil-shock in 1973.Ten countries in 1970s, including Pakistan (Kanupp), Czeck Rep. (Bohunice), Argentina (Atucha-1), Bulgaria (Kozloduy), Finland (Lovisa-1) and RoK (Kori-1).Five countries in 1980s: Yugoslavia (Krsko), Brazil (Angra-1), Hungary (Paks-1), South Africa (Koeberg) and Mexico (Laguna Verde-1).Two countries in 1990s: China (Guangdong-1) and Romania (Cernavoda-1).History of Development of NRsSlide # 33/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECWorldwide Status of Nuclear ReactorsSl. No.Nuclear ReactorsWorld ( % of total gen)IndiaChinaRussiaUSA1In operation432 (14%)20 (3.6%)17 (2%)33 (18%)100 (19%)2Under construction6817281033Planned (within 8-10 yrs)162218532494Proposed (in 15 yrs)316391182015

1 Out of these 68 Reactors 28 (41%) are being constructed by the Russians (10 in Russia and 18 in other countries).

2 A total 27 countries including 12 NEWCOMERS will be constructing these reactors by 2022.NRs around the world (World Nuclear Association data as on 1st July 2013)Slide # 34/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECWorldwide Status of Nuclear Reactors

INDIACHINABangladeshINDIA

PakistanSlide # 35/73


M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECFossil and nuclear power plants differ in the way of generating the heat for steam turbinesNuclear reactors are the most complicated way of boiling water (Einstein)

Nuclear power plant with pressurized water reactorFossil-fired power plantNuclear vs. fossil power plantNuclear Power Plants (NPPs)Slide # 37/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECNuclear ReactorsQ1: What is a Reactor?

Q2: What is a Nuclear Reactor?Slide # 38/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECIntroduction to BAEC TRIGA Research Reactor11/24/2014Basic Nuclear Orientation Course-201038Add lecture notes here. Explain subject matter in more detail and give any additional information important for understanding and appreciation of the subject.


Nuclear ReactorsAns. to Q1:A reactor is a system or device where a reaction takes place.

Examples: Chemical Reactors, Biological Reactors, Nuclear Reactors, etc.Slide # 39/73



Nuclear ReactorsAns. to Q2:Nuclear Reactor is a system / device where a nuclear reaction takes place. Slide # 40/73



Nuclear Reactors Examples of Nuclear Reactors:

(3) Accelerator Driven System (ADS) OR Spallation Reactor

(2) Fission ReactorPWR

(1) Fusion ReactorITERSlide # 41/73



Nuclear Reactors1. The Sun & the Stars (Natural Fusion Reactors)

100 billion X 100 billion(1) Fusion Reactors:Slide # 42/73



Nuclear ReactorsFusion Reactors:2. ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)

Construction started in France in 2006. Cost is approximately 10 billion ($12.1 billion). The program is anticipated to last for 30 years - 10 years for construction, and 20 years of operation.First plasma operation is expected in 2016. Slide # 43/73



Nuclear ReactorsFusion Reactors:2. ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)

ITER is designed to produce approximately 500 MW of fusion power that can sustain for up to 400 seconds.Slide # 44/73



(3) Accelerator Driven System (ADS):(Spallation Reactor)Professor Carlo Rubbia defines the ADS as the NOVEL form of Nuclear Energy.

Professor Carlo RubbiaNuclear ReactorsSlide # 45/73



Accelerator Driven System (ADS):Characteristics of the Novel forms of Nuclear Energies:They are environmentally friendly - no greenhouse gasesThey must be non-proliferatingNo long-lived radioactive by-productsNo chance of runaway reactionsA very small fuel inventoryNuclear ReactorsSlide # 46/73



Accelerator Driven System (ADS):

Spallation ReactionSpallation is the breaking of the nucleus of a heavy atom (Th-232) by a very high energy proton (400 1000 MeV).24 -30 neutrons are produced in one interaction.These neutron can be used to maintain criticality of a system which is basically a sub-critical system.

Nuclear ReactorsSlide # 47/73



Slide # 48/85Accelerator Driven System (ADS):

Slide # 48/73



Fission Reaction &Fission ReactorsNuclear ReactorsSlide # 49/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECNuclear Fission Reaction:E = mc2 Energy per fission: 200 MeV (1 MWD / g)No. of neutrons per fission: 2.43

U235U238

Nuclear ReactorsNatural abundance U-isotopes:

U-238 : 99.3%U-235 : 0.7%

Gen-2Gen-3Gen-1

m1m2m= m1-m2

Moderator (C, D2O)

Slide # 50/73



If, M.F > 1.0,Then the system is Super-critical3Nuclear FissionMultiplication Factor (M.F) =

No. of n in mth GenerationNo. of n in (m-1)th Generationn: Neutron1If, M.F < 1.0,Then the system is Sub-critical2If, M.F = 1.0,Then the system is CriticalSlide # 51/73



Nuclear Fission

Slide # 52/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECTypes of Nuclear ReactorsEnergy of n causing fission:Thermal Reactor (E 0.025 eV)Fast Reactors (E 1.0 MeV)Coolant / Moderator:Light Water ReactorsHeavy Water ReactorsGas Cooled ReactorPurpose:Power ReactorsResearch Reactors

Slide # 53/73



How does a Power Reactor work?Nuclear Reactors

Fuel Rod

Slide # 54/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECTypes of LWRs (Light Water Reactors) PWR (Pressurised Water Reactor)[> 60% of the operating reactors are PWRs] BWR (Boiling Water Reactor)[ 20% of the operating reactors are BWRs]




PWR:

BWR:Pressurized Water ReactorBoiling Water ReactorBasic difference between PWR & BWRLWRsLight Water ReactorsNuclear ReactorsSlide # 56/73



PWR Fuel Assemblies

Pressure Vessel of PWRSlide # 57/73

Length: about 4.1 mNo. of assemblies: 193 (for a 1000MW reactor)

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECOther Power Reactor Types:PHWR (Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor)ORCANDU (CANadian Deuterium Uranium)GCR (Gas Cooled Reactor)LMFBR (Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor)Russian RBMK Reactor




VVER in Russian:Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reaktor

In English:Water-Water Energy Reactor

Q: What is the meaning of VVER ?

A: Russian PWRs (Pressurized Water Reactor) are called VVERs.

VVERs in Tianwan, ChinaWater cooled & Water moderated Energy ReactorNuclear ReactorsSlide # 59/73


VVERSteam GeneratorPWRPressure VesselPumpPressurizerDifference between PWR & VVERSlide # 60/73


M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECEarly PrototypesGeneration I

ShippingportDresdenMagnox

195019601970198019902000

2010

2020

2030

Gen IGen IIGen IIIGen III+Gen IVCommercial PowerGeneration II

PWRsBWRsCANDU

Generation III+Evolutionary DesignsABWRAP1000APWREPRESBWRVVER 1200

Advanced LWRsGeneration IIICANDU 6 System 80+AP600 VVER 1000

SafeSustainableEconomicalProliferation Resistant and Physically Secure

Generation IVRevolutionaryDesigns

Atom for Peace

TMI-2

Chernobyl

FukushimaGenerations of NPRs

Slide # 62/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECGeneration I reactors:These were built in the fifties and early sixties.They were the early prototype reactors, including some experimental fast reactors, which were used to generate electricity.Generations of Nuclear NPRsSlide # 63/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECGeneration II reactors:The second generation saw nuclear technology applied to large scale commercial use.They were built during the 60s through to the early 90s.Generations of Nuclear NPRsSlide # 64/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECGeneration II reactors:Generation II covers the bulk of the reactors in service in the world now.They are the ones that include the light water reactors (LWRs), the CANDU/PHWR, the AGR, the VVER, etc. Generations of Nuclear NPRsSlide # 65/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECGen-III Gen-II feed-back Passive Safety Systems Passive Safety Systems , , natural circulation, , Generations of Nuclear NPRsSlide # 66/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECGen-III+ evolutionary features Gen-III Gen III+

AP1000, ABWR, ESBWR, EPR, VVER-1200, etc.Generations of Nuclear NPRsSlide # 67/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECGeneration IV reactors:The fourth generation, expected mostly to arrive by 2030, features revolutionary designs, rather than evolutionary. An international forum* dedicated to the development of Generation IV has selected six basic concepts, many of which are fast, all of which are noticeably different to the concepts applied in Generation II and III reactors.Generations of Nuclear NPRs

*Slide # 68/73

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECSlide # 69/72Commercial Gen III/III+ NPP Designsoffered today (1000 1700 MW)

ABWR1370 GE-Hitachi, Toshiba EU-ABWR1600 Toshiba ESBWR1550 GE-Hitachi EPR1600 AREVA AP1000 Westinghouse APR1400 KHNP APWR1700 Mitsubishi VVER1200 (V-392, V-491) Atomstroyexport (ASE) ACR1000 CANDU Energy ATMEA1100 AREVA/Mitsubishi CAP1400 SNPTC

in operation / under construction

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECRussian, Western, IAEA Gen-III+ VVER Gen-III+ VVER (safety feature-) Inherent safety features,Engineered / Active safety features, Passive safety features.Generations III+ VVERsSlide # 70/72

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECGen-III+ VVER Simple and rugged designs, Long operational life of 60 years, Long "grace periods" requiring no action of the operator for the first 72 hours during a SBO (Station Blackout), Higher "burn up" to reduce the amounts of fuel and radioactive waste as well as the proliferation risk.Generations III+ VVERsSlide # 71/72

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECThe new generation reactors will help reduce the proliferation risk and resolve, to a great extent, the toughest unresolved issue of long-term disposal of spent fuel.It is expected that several hundreds of these reactors will be deployed throughout the world in the next couple of decades. Some of them will in operation in Bangladesh as well.ConclusionsSlide # 72/72

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECSlide # 73/72Questions ??The END

M. A. Zulquarnain, BAECSlide # 74/72Commercial Gen III/III+ NPP Designsoffered today (1000 1700 MW)

ABWR1370 GE-Hitachi, Toshiba EU-ABWR1600 Toshiba ESBWR1550 GE-Hitachi EPR1600 AREVA AP1000 Westinghouse APR1400 KHNP APWR1700 Mitsubishi VVER1200 (V-392, V-491) Atomstroyexport (ASE) ACR1000 CANDU Energy ATMEA1100 AREVA/Mitsubishi CAP1400 SNPTC

in operation / under construction
