Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The workshop in Arusha explored the East African/Tanzanian environment for village energy, local case studies, challenges and opportunities, with a view to formulating policy recommendations for policymakers, funders, NGOs and other stakeholders the region. An important part of the workshop, and indeed the whole Smart Villages initiative work programme, was to gather evidence from existing projects that have provided or facilitated sustainable off-grid energy solutions in the developing world.The workshop gathered more than 50 experts, including policymakers, NGOs, off-grid energy entrepreneurs and others to look for solutions to providing energy to villages off the grid.
Citation preview
Environmental impacts
On the impacts from renewable energy systems
Sverker Molander Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg, Sweden
Smart Villages First Workshop on Energy for Off-‐grid Villages in Africa Arusha, Tanzania 2014-‐06-‐03
Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development
• Social… • Economic… • Cultural… • Technical… • InsStuSonal… • Environmental… • Win – win – win – WIN…
Costs…
• Environmental
• Social
Avoid problem-‐shiVing
Assessments
• Technology • LocalizaSon • ImplementaSon
• Scoping • AlternaSves • Baseline • Impacts • Monitoring
Environmental impacts are caused by THE COMBINATION of a
technology AND
local condiSons
Environmental impacts -‐ cause-‐effect chains…
human acSviSes – emissions/agents – objects of protecSon
Stressors
Environmental indicators along pathways or for
effects on environmental endpoints (PSI-indicators)
Impact categories
(incl. specific endpoints)
• Climate change • Ozone depleSon • Human toxicity, cancer • Human toxicity, non-‐
cancer • Respiratory inorganics • Ionising radiaSon,
humans • Ionising radiaSon,
ecosystems • Photochemical ozone
formaSon • Ecotoxicity • AcidificaSon • EutrophicaSon,
terrestrial, aquaSc • Land use/biodiversity • Resource depleSon,
water, mineral, fossil and renewable
Emissions • Carbon dioxide • Methane • Metals – Cu, Pb, Hg,
Ag… • PesScides • Dust • VOCs • CFCs • Sulfur dioxide Resource extracSon / use • Land use / land use
change / habitat destrucSon
• Water • Minerals, fossil and
renewables
Stressors
Environmental indicators along pathways or for
effects on environmental endpoints (PSI-indicators)
Impact categories
(incl. specific endpoints)
Life-cycle stage of (renewable) energy
source
Production of raw materials
& manufacturing of power generating infrastructure
resource extraction,
emissions from mining, emissions from power
production for manufacturing
emitted amount of specific
substance like copper emitted from mining [ton/year]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of sea water
Installation
habitat destruction or disturbance
area occupied by installations [ha]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Operation and maintenance
emissions from operations
resources consumption during operations
emitted amount of specific
substance, like greenhouse gas emissions [ton/year],
collisions caused by moving turbines [no. of individuals of
specific specie]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of sea water, specific species,
or biodiversity in general
Decommissioning & waste handling
toxic emissions from waste
handling, disturbances
emitted amount of specific toxic substance, like leakage of lead
from landfills [ton/year]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Stressors
Environmental indicators along pathways or for
effects on environmental endpoints (PSI-indicators)
Impact categories
(incl. specific endpoints)
Life-cycle stage of (renewable) energy
source
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
Production of raw materials
& manufacturing of power generating infrastructure
resource extraction,
emissions from mining, emissions from power
production for manufacturing
emitted amount of specific
substance like copper emitted from mining [ton/year]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of sea water
Installation
habitat destruction or disturbance
area occupied by installations [ha]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Operation and maintenance
emissions from operations
resources consumption during operations
emitted amount of specific
substance, like greenhouse gas emissions [ton/year],
collisions caused by moving turbines [no. of individuals of
specific specie]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of sea water, specific species,
or biodiversity in general
Decommissioning & waste handling
toxic emissions from waste
handling, disturbances
emitted amount of specific toxic substance, like leakage of lead
from landfills [ton/year]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Technology ma_ers…
Mean annual net production
[GWh]
Annual mean net electricity production per appropriated area
[GWh/ha]
Biotope categories
Area before installations
[ha]
Area after installations
[ha]
Change of biotope category
[ha]
Change of biotope per annually generated
electricity [ha/GWh]
Wind farm - on-shore 240 4.3 Critical Biotope 5.4 0 -5.4 -1.2Stor-Rotliden Rare Biotope 21 0 -20.7 -4.8(Northern Norrland) General Biotope 39 10 -29.5 -6.8
Technotope 5.7 61 55.5 12.8
Wind farm - off-shore 320 1400 Critical Biotope 1.8 1.8 -0.03 -1.9 E-05Lillgrund Rare Biotope 2.3 2.27 -0.05 -3.9 E-05(Öresund) General Biotope 2.9 2.76 -0.15 -1.1 E-04
Technotope 0.18 0.41 0.23 1.6 E-04
Hydro power 13800 2.0 Critical biotope 5870 0 -5870 -2920Lule River Rare biotope 863 35 -829 -413(Northern Norrland) General biotope 3650 3500 -157 -78
Technotope 110 6960 6850 3410
Sites ma_ers…
Hertwich, E. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401820p | Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 9604−9611
Scale ma_ers…
Hertwich, E. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401820p | Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 9604−9611
Land-‐use pracSces
Soil erosion “InsStuSonal” intervenSons
Threat to technical system
Scale ma_ers, for intertwined social, technical and ecological aspects…
• poor farmers' livelihoods and their agricultural pracSce,
• hydropower installaSons • the environment
Trading-‐off…
• All sustainability aspects • Possible to handle non-‐moneSzed values (social, ecological…)
• COMBINE insights from sustainability assessments AND environmental assessments
• WIN-‐WIN-‐WIN-‐WIN is possible! Learning by doing
Acknowledgements Socio-‐Technical-‐Ecological EvaluaSons of PotenSal Renewable Energy Systems
(STEEP-‐RES) The research team
• Prof Sverker Jagers • Prof Erik Ahlgren • Prof Cuthbert Kimambo • Prof Lence Rutashobwa • Prof Andrea NighSngale • Patrik Söderholm • PhLic Helene Ahlborg • PhD Linus Hammar • PhD Jimmy Ehnberg • PhD Frida Boräng • PhD George Mwaluko • PhD Lennart Bångens • PhD Hans Nylund • MEng Elias Hartvigsson • MEng Joseph Ngowi • MEng Said Ibrahim • … a number of masters students and local collaborators
The funders • The Futura FoundaSon • SIDA • The Swedish Research Council • Adlerbertska Research FoundaSon • Chalmers University of Technology, AoA
Energy
