WELCOME TO OUR

PRESENTATION

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Topic

Bangladesh Rail

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Group Number

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Instructor

Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman (TiTU), M.Sc.,22063MFACULTY, Civil Engineering Department.

CEAT., I.U.B.A.TSUMMER 2015

CEN471_Transportation Eng. II

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Group Members:Sl. Name ID#

1. Md Atiqur Rahman 11306072

2. Shuvo Das 121060863. Md. Ridoy Mahmud 121061144. Md. Shakkik Zunaed 122060045. Kazi Nourjahan Nipun 122060056. Abdullah Al Naser 122060067. Md.Rasheduzzaman 122060078. Md. Hassan Shahriar 122060139. Md. Ashraful Islam 1220601510. Imrana Khaton Eva 1220601911. Md. Saddam Hussein 12206023

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Group Members (Cont’d):Sl. Name ID#

12. Joyantika Saha 1220602513. Faysal Ahmad 1220603014. Abu Hossain Basri 12206036

15. Md. Shariful Haque Robin 1220604916. Md. Saifullah 1220605117. Md. Sagor Hossen 1220605918. Arun Chandra Acharjee 1220606619. Md. Oliullah Sheik 1220606720. Md. Rabiul Hasan 1220606921. Tariqul Islam 1230601322. Sazzad Hossain 12306015

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Contents• Introduction• Railway Systems around the World• Bangladesh Railway• Accomplishments and Undertakings by Bangladesh Railway• Bangladesh Railway Activities at a Glance• Vision & Mission of Bangladesh Railway Transport• Passenger Trains & it’s classes• Subgrade• Ballast• Railway Sleepers• Track• Rail• Railway Accidents in Bangladesh

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Introduction

Railway engineering is a multi-faceted engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction and operation of all types of railway systems. It encompasses a wide range of engineering discipline as Civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and computer engineering. A great many other engineering sub-disciplines are also called upon to combine and create railroad engineering. The civil engineers plan the railway track, design the alignment and right of way and finally they operate.

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Introduction (cont’d)

• With wider connectivity and more efficient technology, rail communication is considered to be environment friendly, comfortable and affordable in the densely populated country like Bangladesh, it is a very important form of transport as it costs relatively lower among the different form of transport communication. In order to keep pace with changes in the domain of transport in this sub-continent, Bangladesh Railway is relentlessly trying to cope up with the demand from its customers. With commitment to the honorable passengers and rail users, Bangladesh Railway is trying to provide a safe, reliable and affordable rail transport service to the nation.

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Railway Systems around the World

• First Great Western, in UK, operates the UK’s only high-speed inter-city, commuter, and sleeper train system. It carries one and a half million passengers a week across 9,000 services, covering everything from London and South Wales to Devon and Cornwall. The trains were recently renovated to include environmentally friendly engines, updated seating accommodations, and more efficient on-board facilities. Also, Virgin Trains are probably among the better-known British railway companies. These high-speed trains, traveling up to 125 miles per hour, give travelers a taste of the classic, luxurious experience. Britain’s Cross-country trains, British Grand Central Trains, Traditional East Coast Trains are also seen playing vital roles in railway system in UK.

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Railway Systems around the World (cont’d)

• The United States has the world’s largest railway network covering 48 states with a distance of 240,000kms. Currently major part of the rail network is used to transport cargo. The freight trains are given the highest priority over passenger trains. The intercity passenger train service in USA is provided by a government-owned corporation, National Railroad Passenger Corporation called Amtrak. The Long island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America, serving about 83 million passengers each year. Metro-North Railroad runs service between New York City to its northern suburbs in New York and Connecticut.

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Bangladesh Railway

• Bangladesh Railway is the state-owned rail transport agency of Bangladesh, operating the entire railway network of the country. It is controlled by the Director General of Bangladesh Railway under the Ministry of Railways along with Bangladesh Railway Authority and which works for policy guidance of Bangladesh Railway (BR). It has coexistence of several gauges, Broad gauge, Meter gauge and Dual gauge and the separation of the system by the Jamuna River into a Western and Eastern Zone of operations with only one bridge, the 2003 Jamuna Bridge, connecting two zones. BR covers a length of 2855 route kilometers and employs 34,168 people.

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Bangladesh Railway(cont’d)

• Most rail lines in Bangladesh run from north to south, following the north-south river system, and many freight and passenger journeys include a combination of rail and water movement. East-west lines exist but are a minor part of the total system. Because of the nation's numerous waterways, an average of six bridges or culverts are required per kilometer of rail line. As a result, Bangladesh has some 3,630 rail bridges. Railroad beds, built on the only high ground in some parts of the country, provide a refuge in times of flooding. During periods of high water, trains often are the major form of mass transportation.

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Bangladesh Railway(cont’d)

• Realizing the importance of the railway communication, railway sector has been given the highest priority in the outline perspective plan as well as in the Sixth Five Year plan of Bangladesh. In the last 5 (five) years, the average growth rate of GDP was 6. 21 percent and the contribution of the transport and communications sector was 10.7 percent. In the fiscal year 2009-10, the contribution of the rail sector was only 1 percent of land transport. Better rail connectivity will make the communication easy and will greatly reduce the cost of transportation in Bangladesh. Business flourished, employment opportunities were created and have a direct and indirect impact on the poverty alleviation.

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Bangladesh Railway(cont’d)

• Bangladesh Railway features mainly three classes of Travel. Air Conditioned Class, First Class and Second Class are available in BR. Third Class was withdrawn with effect from August 1, 1989. Most of the trains have the First Class and Second Class only. Second Class is divided into Shovon Chair, Shovon and Shulov subclasses. In some trains a separate mail compartment is present. In Inter-City and longdistance trains, a pantry car and a power car is included in the center. All Inter-City trains are partially air-conditioned, feature padded leather seats and berths and provide passengers with on-demand sheets, pillows, blankets, as well as meals and refreshments.

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Bangladesh Railway Map

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Accomplishments and Undertakings by Bangladesh Railway

• The railroads carry about 2 percent of the nation's cargo. In 1986 Bangladesh had about 2,818 kilometers of railroad track, all of it owned and operated by the government's Bangladesh Railways. Two-thirds of the track (1,838 kilometers) was meter gauge, and the remainder of 980 kilometers was broad gauge. Much of the rail system was rehabilitated in the early 1980s with the assistance of an Asian Development Bank loan.

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Accomplishments and Undertakings by Bangladesh Railway (cont’d)

• There were 288 locomotives--mostly diesel powered--serving the rail system in 1986. This was a significant decline from the more than 500 locomotives operating in the early 1970s. The volume of freight carried in more than 19,600 cars steadily decreased in the 1980s, however, going from more than 3 million tons in FY 1982 to 2.3 million tons in FY 1986. Most of the bulk cargo was wheat, fertilizer, sugarcane, raw jute, rice, and cement. With more than 1,660 coaches in use, passenger service was available and popular between large towns; there were some 82 million passengers in FY 1986. In the late 1980s, the government was attempting to improve the quality of that service by adding special fast trains, particularly between Dhaka and Chittagong.

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Accomplishments and Undertakings by Bangladesh Railway (cont’d)

• Most rail lines in Bangladesh run from north to south, following the north-south river system, and many freight and passenger journeys include a combination of rail and water movement. East-west lines exist but are a minor part of the total system. Because of the nation's numerous waterways, an average of six bridges or culverts are required per kilometer of rail line. As a result, Bangladesh has some 3,630 rail bridges. Railroad beds, built on the only high ground in some parts of the country, provide a refuge in times of flooding. During periods of high water, trains often are the major form of mass transportation.

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Accomplishments and Undertakings by Bangladesh Railway (cont’d)

• Bangladesh Railway also has taken some important projects like construction of the missing portion of Double line between Dhaka-Chittagong, rehabilitation of deplorable tracks, procurement of rolling stocks and modernization of signaling system. Recently Bangladesh government has undertaken a project named “Tongi-Voirob Double Line Railway Project (TBDLRP)” with the assistance of Asian Development Bank. The main concern of this project is rail track, its formation, materials used for a standard railway or track and their quality and also comparing them with the materials using for TBDLRP.

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Bangladesh Railway Activities at a Glance

23 June- 1998: East-West Railway connectivity over the mighty river Jamuna was established from the day one, the day of formal opening of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge, after completion of construction of Broad Gauge track from Jamtoli to lbrahimabad.

14 Aug-2003 Â Direct BG Train. Communication between Dhaka (Joydebpur) and Rajshahi over Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge was established by introducing first Intercity passenger Train after completion of construction of new Dual Gauge track from lbrahimabad to Joydebpur.

7 March-2004 Â Direct MG train communication between Dhaka and Lalmonirhat was established.

9 Nov-2007 Â Bangladesh has signed the intergovernmental agreement on the Trans Asian Railways (TAR) network as a 20th signatory.

14 April-2008 Direct Communication between Dhaka & Kolkata was established by introducing "Maitree Express" Train.

4 March-2010 Â Introduction of ticket selling through mobile phone.

4 Dec.2011 Ministry of Railways formed by the Honorable Prime Minister under SRO-361 -Rules of Business 1996 Rule-3.

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Vision of Bangladesh Railway Transport

• To provide safe, reliable, cost effective and time efficient rail transport service in the country through modernizing, expanding & maintaining rail system in a manner which supports government strategies for economic, social & environmental development.

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Mission of Bangladesh Railway Transport

• To Develop & maintain railway tracks & station infrastructures throughout the country.

• To Maintain & upgrade locomotives, coaches & other rolling stocks.• To Maintain & modernize signaling & interlocking system & Telecom system of

Bangladesh Railway.• To ensure safe, speedy & efficient train operation.• To Implement Government transport policy in rail sector. To procure modern

technology related rolling stocks, Track materials & signaling systems suitable for Bangladesh Railway.

• To Manage land asset of Bangladesh Railway.• To ensure optimum utilization of Development Budget & Revenue Budget of

Bangladesh Railway.

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Passenger Trains in Bangladesh Railway

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Accommodation classes

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Railway Engineering Depend on

• Rail Gauges.• Rails.• Sleepers.• Ballast.• Track Fittings and Fastenings.• Curvature of Track.• Points and crossings.• Signaling and Interlocking.• Railway Stations and yards.• Train Resistance and Tractive Power.• Train brakes.

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Subgrade

• Subgrade is the layer of material on which the ballast and sub-ballast layers rest. The subgrade is a very important component in the track structure and has been the cause of track failure and development of poor track quality (Li and Selig, 1995). Unfortunately, in existing track, the subgrade is not involved in the maintenance operation and little can be done to alter its characteristics. At present, the state-of-theart of track design concerning the subgrade is most empirical. The factors that control the performance of this layer are very important. To assess the reasons why a particular section of track requires maintenance, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the subgrade, the maintenance history, the environmental history, and the traffic history.

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Subgrade (cont’d)

• Information on the characteristics of the subgrade of an existing track is in most cases non-existent. To gain information on the present conditions of a site, field examinations are done. Factors that control the performance of the subgrade are poorly understood. In Knothe (1998), the long-term behavior of the railroad track, including the subgrade behavior and the damage mechanisms underlying the ballast settlement, is discussed. Knothe states that there does not exist any damage and settlement equations, and hardly any material equations for the ballast itself.

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Sub-ballast

• Below the ballast a layer of sub-ballast is placed. The sub-ballast is material chosen as a transition layer between the upper layer of large-particle good quality ballast and the lower layer of fine-graded subgrade. The sub-ballast used in most new construction is intended to prevent the mutual penetration or intermixing of the subgrade and the ballast and to reduce frost penetration. Any sand or gravel materials may serve as sub-ballast material as long as they meet proper filtering requirements.

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Fig: Sub-ballast

Sub Ballast Matting

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Ballast

• Ballast is a select, granular material placed on the subgrade to restrain the track laterally, longitudinally, and vertically under the dynamic loads imposed by trains and the thermal stresses induced in the rails by changing temperatures; provide adequate drainage of the track; transmit and uniformly distribute the load of the track and trains to the subgrade in a manner that prevents overstressing of the subgrade; and facilitate track maintenance. Some of the characteristics of good ballast are strength, toughness, durability, stability, drain ability, clean ability, resistance to deformation, and overall economy. Commonly used ballast materials include crushed stone and crushed slag with the gradations ranging from 3-1/2 to 3/4 in.

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Ballast (cont’d)

• Track ballast forms the trackbed upon which railway sleepers or railroad ties are laid. It is packed between, below, and around the ties. It is used to bear the load from the railroad ties, to facilitate drainage of water, and also to keep down vegetation that might interfere with the track structure. This also serves to hold the track in place as the trains roll by. It is typically made of crushed stone, although ballast has sometimes consisted of other, less suitable materials. The term "ballast" comes from a nautical term for the stones used to stabilize a ship.

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Ballast material

• Ballast is the main structural part of railroad where the sleepers (or ties in US) are laid. Its main function is to transfer the loads coming from the super structure to the subgrade without failure and providing good drainage. Different types of materials used for ballast construction like limestone, basalt, granite, slag and gravel. So, an aggregate with the following property traditionally considered to be best ballast material i.e. –

• Angular, crushed• Hard stones and rock• Uniformly graded• Free of dust, dirt and resistant to cementing action

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Ballast functions

Even though there are many more functions of the ballast structure, the following are the most important functions of ballast structure • 1. Withstand the actions coming from the sleepers to the

substructure. Those actions can be grouped as uplift, lateral and longitudinal forces.

• 2. Act as resiliency and energy absorbent for the track structure. • 3. The voids between the aggregates provide space for movement

and accumulation of crushed aggregates due to fouling.

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Ballast functions (cont’d)

• 4.Provide quick drainage system down to the structure. • 5. Pressure reducing ballast structure to the allowable stress for the

underlying structure just below the slipper. • 6. Tamping will rearrange ballast particles while adjusting track

geometry. This eases and speed up the maintenance operations.

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Ballast structure

Ballast structure may be divided in to four zones: - -Crib zones between the slippers -Shoulder, it is the sloppy zone between the end of the sleeper and down to the top of sub- ballast. – -Top ballast, it is the top portion of the ballast structure which is usually exposed to tamping.-Bottom ballast, it is the bottom and lower part of the structure which support the overall structure. Depend on the quality of the sub-ballast material, loading condition, presence of water and drainage property of the structure; it is the more fouled part of the structure than the rest of the structure

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Railway Sleepers

• A railroad tie, or railway tie, or crosstie (North America), or railway sleeper (Europe, Australia and Asia) is a rectangular support for the rails in railroad tracks. These are generally laid perpendicular to the rails and transfer loads to the track ballast and subgrade, hold the rail upright and keep them spaced to the correct gauge. Thus railroad ties form the backbone of rail travel. Apart from some experiments with stone block sleepers at the earliest stages of rail transport's development, timber has been the historically dominant material used for railway sleepers. Through the 20th century, new materials have emerged to respond to the need to accommodate higher axle loads and faster speeds.

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Functions of Sleepers

• Holding rails to correct gauge and alignment.• Giving a firm and even support to rails.• To maintain the alignment and gauge of the track correctly.• Transferring the load evenly from the rails to wider area of the

ballast.• Acting as an elastic medium between the rails and the ballast to

absorb the blows and vibration of moving loads.• Proving longitudinal and lateral stability to permanent way.• Proving means to rectify the track geometry during its service life.

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Requirements of an ideal material for sleepers

• (1) The sleeper should be likely to adjust and maintain the gauge correctly.

• (2) The sleeper should be like that sufficient bearing area is maintained below the rail seat and over the ballast.

• (3) The sleeper should be capable of resisting shocks and vibrations due to fast moving vehicles at high speeds.

• (4) The sleeper should be of such design that it cannot be easily pushed ahead due to passage of trains.

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Materials for sleepers

• Railroad ties were traditionally made of wood, but pre-stressed concrete is now widely used especially in Europe and Asia. Steel ties are common on secondary lines in the UK; plastic composite ties are also employed, although far less than wood or concrete. As of January 2008, the approximate market share in North America for traditional and wood ties was 91.5%, the remainder being concrete, steel, azobé (red ironwood) and plastic composite. Depending upon the availability, suitability, economy and design, the following materials are used:

• (1) Timber or wooden sleepers • (2) Steel sleepers • (3) Concrete sleepers.

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Timber or wooden sleeper

• Timber railway sleepers have been used for centuries for fastening rail lines as they are hardwearing, long lasting. A variety of softwood and hardwoods timbers are used as ties, oak, jarrah and karri being popular hardwoods, although increasingly difficult to obtain, especially from sustainable sources. Some lines use softwoods, including Douglas fir; while they have the advantage of accepting treatment more readily, they are more susceptible to wear but are cheaper, lighter (and therefore easier to handle) and more readily available. Softwood is treated, historically using creosote, but nowadays with other less-toxic preservatives to improve resistance to insect infestation and rot.

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Fig: Timber or wooden sleeper

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Steel sleepers

• Steel sleepers are used for standard railway tracks subjected to medium or heavy axle loads. They are lightweight and dimensionally more accurate than wooden or concrete ones. Their multiple advantages, including lower cost compared to wooden sleepers, make them an effective technical solution for modern rail networks. The rail fastening for low track load is done directly by means of clips and t-bolts. Also, the rail fastening for higher loads is done by base plate that is welded to sleeper tops and then used with elastic rail clip or hook in shoulders with fast clip / elastic rail clips.

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Steel sleepers (cont’d)

• some special cases, electric insulation is done by means of bolted plastic pads or insulators with rubber pads. Steel sleepers require about one third fewer vehicle movements compared to concrete. Steel ties are formed from pressed steel and are trough-shaped in section. The ends of the tie are shaped to form a "spade" which increases the lateral resistance of the tie. Steel ties are now in widespread use on secondary or lower-speed lines in the UK where they have been found to be economical to install due their ability to be installed on the existing ballast bed. Steel ties are 100% recyclable and require up to 60% less ballast than concrete ties and up to 45% less than wood ties.

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Fig: Steel sleeper

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Steel sleepers (cont’d)

Advantages:• Longer life.• Easy to maintain gauge and lesser maintenance problems.• Better lateral rigidity.• Lesser damage during handling and transport.• Manufacturing process is simple.• Very good scrap value.• Free from decay and attack by vermin.• Not susceptible to fire hazards.

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Steel sleepers (cont’d)

Disadvantages• Liable to corrosion.• Unsuitable for track circuiting areas.• Liable to become center bound because of slopes at two ends.• Develops cracks at rail seats during service.• Can only used for rails which it is manufactured.

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Concrete sleepers

• The concrete sleepers may be of R.C.C. or pre-stressed concrete, the latter being very common. This gives greater stability to the railway track. These types of sleepers are durable and it is expected that they will have a useful life of about 30 years to 35 years on heavy density routes. . Sleepers can be made using a Long Line method or a Short Line method; each method has its advantages and disadvantages. The PSC sleepers are environmental friendly and this aspect has come to the fore recently. The use of these sleepers helps in conserving the forest wealth of the nation for maintaining the ecological balance.

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Fig: Concrete sleepers

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Sleepers used in Bangladesh

• Traditionally, in Bangladesh former railway sleepers were wooden, but now in present most of the newly constructed railway lines are laid on concrete sleepers. Wooden sleepers are exists in maximum junctions for easy movement of rails to change their direction. Recently Bangladesh government has undertaken a project named “TONGI-VOIRAB DUAL LINE RAILWAY PROJECT”, where lines are laying on concrete sleepers instead of wooden sleepers. Steel sleepers are very rare in Bangladesh.

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Track (rail transport)

• The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties(sleepers, British English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying sub grade. For clarity it is often referred to as railway track (British English and UIC terminology) or railroad track (predominantly in the United States).

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Track (cont’d)

• The track system consists of two main parts: SUPER STRUCTURE and SUB STRUCTURE. The super structure of rail track consists of the rails, fastening system and sleepers. The substructure includes the ballast and the sub grade. This report consist details about rails, sleepers, ballast and sub-ballast of super structure and subgrade of substructure.

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Rail

• Early rails were made of wood, cast iron or wrought iron. All modern rails are hot rolled steel of a specific cross sectional profile. Typically the cross section (profile) approximates to an I-beam but is asymmetric about a horizontal axis (however see grooved rail below). The head is profiled to resist wear and to give a good ride, the foot is profiled to suit the fixing system. Modern track typically uses Hot rolled steel with a profile of an asymmetrical rounded I-beam. Unlike some other uses of iron and steel, railway rails are subject to very high stresses and have to be made of very high-quality steel alloy.

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Rail (cont’d)

Types • 1. Double headed rails, • 2. Bull headed rails, • 3. Flat footed/bottom rails

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Rail

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Rail (cont’d)

• Recently Bangladesh government has undertaken a project named “TONGI-VOIRABDUAL LINE RAILWAY PROJECT”, where flat footed rails are being used for track construction. Bangladesh follows combination of Europe and United States design procedure.

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Civil Engineers responsible for:

– Planning the railway tracks– Designing the alignment– Right of Way designing– Operations– Maintenance

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Railway Accidents in Bangladesh

• 11 July 2006 – A train collided with a crowded bus at an unmanned railroad crossing at Akkelpur Upazila, Jaipurhat District, killing at least 33 people, leaving another 30 injured.

• 13 October 2007 – 4 people died and over 50 were injured when the rear carriages of the Probhati Express derails near Dhaka.

• 16 April 2008 – According to ATN Bangla television report, a Dinajpur–Dhaka Ekota Express train collided with a local bus on a level crossing on the outskirts of Kalihati, Tangail District killing 18 and injuring 30.

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Railway Accidents in Bangladesh (Cont’d)

• 14 May 2008 – According to ATN Bangla television report, an Upaban Express train rams into the rear of Noakhali Express train at Ashuganj Upazila station, Brahmanbaria District killing 8 and injuring 100.

• 8 December 2010 – A collision between passenger trains killed at least 10 people

THANK YOU

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Any Query?