1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................................................... 2PREFACE............................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Steps taken for efficient water drainage in past and present:....................................................................2CHAPTER-2................................................................................................................................................................... 5

LITERATURE SURVEY....................................................................................................................................... 52.1 Present Scenario:.......................................................................................................................................62.2 Legal And Institutional Framework.........................................................................................................7Table 2.3 DCB Data.....................................................................................................................................102.3 Waste Generation And Collection.......................................................................................................... 102.4 Where Actually Lies The Problem..........................................................................................................13

CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................................................. 17AUTOMATED DRAINAGE CLEANING SYSTEM................................................................................................. 17

3.1. Mechanism & Working:.........................................................................................................................173.2Components Required & Analysis...........................................................................................................17

CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................................................................. 19CAD MODELLLING........................................................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................................................................. 40CALCULATIONS........................................................................................................................................................ 40CHAPTER 6................................................................................................................................................................. 44ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES.......................................................................................................................44

6.1 Advantages :....................................................................................................................................................446.2 Challenges:......................................................................................................................................................45

CHAPTER 7................................................................................................................................................................. 477.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS...................................................................................................................47

CHAPTER 8................................................................................................................................................................. 488.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT.................................................................................................................................... 48

8.1.1 FOR ACADEMICS............................................................................................................................. 488.1.2 FOR INDUSTRY.................................................................................................................................488.1.3FOR SOCIETY..................................................................................................................................... 48

8.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT...........................................................................................................49CHAPTER 9................................................................................................................................................................. 50Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................................... 50APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................................................51

General information.............................................................................................................................................. 51REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................................57

2

CHAPTER 1

PREFACE

1.1 Steps taken for efficient water drainage in past and present:

Water is a basic necessity of humans and all living beings. There is a plenty of water on earth

but that is not suitable for human use. Clean water is more important if used for some purpose.

The impurities present in water can cause hazardous and disease. As long as the draining

system is considered the function of the main drainage system is to collect, transport and

dispose of the water through an outfall or outlet. Impurities in drainage water can be only like

empty bottles, polythene bags, papers,etc.Today when the scheme like “Swatch Bharat

Mission” is at peak of their age and everyone working towards making their surrounding and

country clean, our group has sort to work out on a mechanism to make drains of our country

free from solid waste and hence playing a major role in cleaning our society.

The most striking feature of Harappan civilization (Indus Valley Civilization) is that the IndusValley people had constructed their drainage system on very scientific lines.

The drainage system of Mohen-jo-daro is so elaborate that “the like of which has not yet beenfound anywhere in the world in any other city of the same antiquity.”

.1 Harappan civilization (Indus Valley Civilization) drainage system

3

House drains emptied themselves into the main drains which ran under the main streets andbelow many lanes. The Harappan people well knew that such drains were not to be left open.

The drainage system and drains were covered with bricks or stones and were provided withinspection traps and main holes at regular intervals for inspection. Every care was taken thatthe house-wives did not throw refuse or dirt in the drains. Every house had its own soak-pitwhich collected all the sediments and allowed only the water to flow into the street drain. Theelaborate drainage system of the Harappan people shows that they had developed a high senseof health and sanitation.

1.2 Hazardous waste: Semisolid or solid matters that are created by human or animal

activities, and which are disposed because they are hazardous or useless are known as solid

waste. Most of the solid wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and even used cars

and electronic goods are not biodegradable, which means they do not get broken down

through inorganic or organic processes. Thus, when they accumulate they pose a health threat

to people, plus, decaying wastes also attract household pests and result in urban areas

becoming unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Moreover, it also causes damage

to terrestrial organisms, while also reducing the uses of the land for other, more useful

purposes.

Fig 1.2 Waste

Therefore this problem needs immediate remedial measures.These impurities present in

drainage water can cause blockage or the drainage system. The drainage system can be

cleaned time to time manually or such a system can be designed that will automatically throw

out wastages and will keep the water clean. This project is designed to keep clean the drainage

system and helps the smooth working of the system. This project automatically cleans the

water in the drainage system each time any wastage appears and this form an efficient and

4

easy way of cleaning the drainage system and preventing the blockage. It also reduces labour

and improves the quality of water that is cleaned. If the garbage are allowed to flow the will

end up flowing down to recreational beaches used for tourism purposes making a scene not

pleasurable to the eyes else these garbage flow to residential sites where they are burnt in a

way of getting rid of them, thereby causing climate change. The drainage systems are cleaned

when there is no water in them i.e. when it is not raining, but when it is raining the drainage

systems cannot be cleaned because of the harsh conditions of the rain which no one would

volunteer to endure to ensure garbage does not enter into the drainage systems.

5

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

In many of urban areas in India after a short length of flow of sewage underground (200mm to

1200mm dia pipes), the sewage pipes are no longer able to take the large flow. The combined

sewage from these large pipes generally flows in open sewers – sewers that were originally

storm water courses. These now carry sewage continuously and occasionally storm water from

intense weather events. When these are choked or encroached to a point of being too narrow,

the water flow spills over its banks into nearby settlements. This occurs generally following

high intensity rainfall wherein the sewer /open storm drain can no longer take the large

combined water flow.

Among the many reasons which cause urban flooding in such water courses / open sewers are:

a) Encroachment of drain and reduction of flow area,

b) Improper maintenance of drainage /sewer system,

c) Blockages of drainage channels by USW (Ultra Solid Wastes) dumped along its flow path

upstream of these sensitive points.

The most common reasons found for such blockages are:

a) Accumulation of silt or dumped debris or

b) Disposal of solid waste in the channel.

Poor and unplanned solid waste management and insensitive attitude among the upstream

residents results in USW being dumped into the open sewers. Such dumped USW cannot be

transported through these narrow streams and results in sewer blockages. Solid wastes which

enter the drain comprise mainly of fermentables, cloth, plastic and paper. Fermentable organic

wastes of the dumped USW (e.g. food and garden wastes) as well as paper are rapidly

degraded under such wet conditions leaving behind a predominantly non biodegradable

complex of wastes that occasionally flows in the sewers or remains stuck at vulnerable points

along the water course. These non biodegradable wastes flow along with sewage in these

drainage channels and gradually accumulate at shallow regions in the path where the flow

rates are very low or the wastes encounter physical obstruction due to a shallow nature –

especially when the only sewage is flowing in these streams. The extent of such mass

accumulating at specific points along the flow gradually increases with increasing quantities

of USW being discharged into the streams.

6

2.1 Present Scenario:

Treating wastewater has the aim to produce an effulent that will do as little harm as possible

when discharged to the surrounding environment, thereby preventing pollution compared to

releasing untreated wastewater into the environment.[5]

2.1.1 Three stages of water treatment:

Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary

treatment.

a) Primary treatment: Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a

quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter

solids float to the surface.

b) Secondary Treatment: Secondary Treatment removes dissolved and suspended

biological matter.

c) Tertiary treatment: Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than

primary and secondary treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or

fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs).

Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically.

Appropriate solid waste management of a city is crucial for public health and aesthetic

surroundings. It is essential for a clean look. Therefore, the removal of any scattered and

littered waste is as important as effective street sweeping and drain cleaning. This also brings

to focus the necessity of synergy in the design, construction and maintenance of roads, surface

(storm water) drains and storage, collection and transport of solid waste.

Fig 2.1 Municipal Solid Waste

7

Due to its size and multiple activities, different types of solid waste are generated in Delhi:

• Municipal solid waste (from the domestic and commercial sectors and common areas suchas, parks, gardens, street sweepings and drain silt)

• Construction and demolition debris (C&D waste)

• Bio-medical waste (waste generated by health-care and veterinary establishments)

• Slaughterhouse waste (organized as well, as un-organized activities)

• e-Waste

• 'Special' waste (small quantities of toxic and hazardous waste generated by the householdand trade sectors)

• Industrial waste generated within the city area

The presence of these different types of waste streams complicates the solid waste

management scenario leading to deficiencies in planning and management. This is further

aggravated by the unplanned settlements – slums and squatter settlements. Apartfrom the

fundamental issue of service provision and problems of accessibility, some of these areas

undertake unauthorized recycling of plastics; batteries etc. which may have grave

environmental implications.

2.2 Legal And Institutional Framework

2.2.1 Legal Framework

The Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957 has section 42 C, 355-5.8; stating the functions

and role of MCD and citizens in disposal of the waste. The violation of

the sections 353, 354, 355(2), 356 and 357 are subject to fines ranging from Rs. 25 – 100

Section 357 (1) “Keeping rubbish and filth for more than 24 hours”, carries an additional daily

fine of Rs. 10. The brief obligation of MCD is to provide receptacles, depots and places for

waste disposal; and not necessarily house to house collection. It is the obligation of occupiers

to use these for disposal of their waste.

2.2 Institutional Framework

Municipal solid waste management being the responsibility of Local Bodies, the following

municipal entities are responsible for their respective areas:

1.Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD): Thus the MCD area includes urban areas, rural and

urban villages, slum clusters and regularized unauthorized colonies. The services of CSE

8

include collection, transportation and disposal of municipal solid waste; road sweeping;

cleaning of surface drains, construction and maintenance of public conveniences.

It is a municipal corporation, an autonomous body that governs 8 of the 11 Districts of Delhi,in the state of Delhi, India. It was one of three municipal corporations in the National CapitalTerritory of Delhi, the others being New Delhi Municipal Council, and DelhiCantonment Board. "The MCD was among the largest municipal bodies in the worldproviding civic services to more than estimated population of 11 million citizens in the capitalcity.[1] The municipal corporation covers an area of 1,397.3 km² (539.5 mi²).

Within its jurisdiction are some of the most densely populated areas in the world. It has alsothe unique distinction of providing civic services to rural and urban villages, resettlementcolonies, regularised unauthorised colonies, Slum/Squatter Settlements, private 'katras' etc.

Table 2.1 MCD data

2.New Delhi Municipal Council and (NDMC) : The activities include street sweeping

everyday; removal of the garbage deposited in 'dhalao' (masonry dustbins) and metallic bins;

and transporting the waste to MCD landfill sites at Ghazipur. The green (mainly horticulture)

waste is transported to the NDMC compost plant at Okhla.

S. Item Area Number Responsible

No. (sq. km) Department

1 Area 42.74 Health Department

2 Sanitation Circles 13

3 Number of 1800

S. Item Area Number Responsible

No. (sq. km) Department

1 Total area 1397.30 Conservancy and

2 Urban area 595.00

Sanitary

Engineering

(approx.) Department (CSE),

3 Rural area (approx.)795.00 presently changed

to the Department4 Administrative 12

zones of MCD of Environmental

Management5 Total number of More than

employees 52000 Services (DEMS)

6 Number of workers About 50000

(Safai Karmachari)

9

employees

involved with

sanitation

Table 2.2 NDMC data

3.Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB): In the cantonment area also, the roads and markets are

swept and garbage is lifted.

Presently, the Cantonment is governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006 and various Policy

letters and Instructions of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of India issued from

time to time. Though the Board functions as a local municipal body, yet it is under the

administrative control of Directorate General Defence Estates (DGDE), New Delhi and

Principal Director, Defence Estates, Western Command, Chandigarh.

The Cantonment Board consists of eight elected Members, three nominated Military Members,

three Ex-officio Members (Station Commander, Garrison Engineer and senior executive

Medical Officer), one representative of the District Magistrate. An officer of the Indian

Defence Estates Services which is a central civil service is posted as the Chief Executive

Officer (CEO) as well as the member secretary of the Board. The board is headed by the

President Cantonment Board (PCB) who is the Station Commander and also presides over the

meetings of the cantonment board. The term of the elected Members is of 5 years. The Vice

President is elected from amongst the elected.

The Cantonment Act lays down both the mandatory and discretionary functions of the Board

such as education, public health, sanitation, roads, street lighting, water supply and birth and

death registration. For the purpose of administration and civil representation the cantonment

board is divided into eight wards. There are various other rules such as the cantonment

account code, cantonment fund servant rules, cantonment land administration rules and

cantonment property rules which emanate from the Cantonment Act.

Fire fighting, water supply, public health, street lighting, birth & death registration,

horticulture, primary education and sanitation are the prime departments of Delhi Cantonment

Board. The various departments of Delhi Cantonment Board collectively operate to strengthen

the civic infrastructure of the city.

S. Item Area Number Responsible

No. (sq. km) Department

1 Area 42.97 Health Department

2 Number of 450

10

Table 2.3 DCB Data

2.3 Waste Generation And Collection

2.3.1 Waste Collection Services

Total sweeping staff available with MCD and NDMC is in ratio of 1:216 persons and 1:326

persons respectively. This is above (better than) the prescribed norms of 1:500 in Central

Public Health and Environmental Engineer Organisation (CPHEEO) manual. Within the

municipal area, some zones have been contracted out to private contractors for functions

ranging from the primary collection to waste disposal. They have their own sweeping staff,

waste collectors and vehicles to transport the waste from collection points to disposal sites.

MCD has privatized collection of municipal solid waste in 6 zones through 3 private operators,

in order to save costs and improve efficiency in service delivery. These operators have to put

sets of two bins (blue and green coloured) for collection of non-biodegradable / recyclable and

bio-degradable waste respectively. These bins are emptied into separate vehicles of similar

colour daily. The operators are also expected to do segregation of bio-degradable and non-

biodegradable solid waste before the waste is collected into separate vehicles.

NDMC has 900 community bins (masonry built) and 1000 metallic skips (open containers of

about 1m3 capacities).

2.3.2 Waste Generation

In the absence of a streamlined and completely controlled system of solid waste management,

the available data is based on per capita generation from some studies (e.g., done by NEERI,

19991, Delhi Master Plan 20212, State of Environment Report for Delhi, 20013), vehicle trips

and fragmented data from landfill records. Table 12.1 gives some idea of the waste generation,

arrived at from such sources:

employees involved

with sanitation

11

Fig 2.2 Waste pile

Table 2.4: Waste Generation arrived

Source: Public Health Department of MCD, NDMC and DCB

* 700 g per capita per day for calculation of projected generation in 2021 as per CPEHHO

Manual on solid waste Management

Quoted in Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (Status Report

for Delhi 21) prepared in 2001: 6000-6300 TPD for MCD, 350-400 TPD for NDMC and

about 100 TPD for DCB, the total generation in the National Capital Territory of Delhi shown

as around 6500-7000 TPD

S. No. Local Body

Existing Projected *

generation for generation for 2021

2001in TPD in TPD

1

Municipal Corporation of

Delhi 6300 15100

2

New Delhi Municipal

Council 400 550

3 Delhi Cantonment Board 100 100

12

1 As per Delhi Master Plan, 2021 (the generation in 2001 being shown as 5250, 245 and 48

TPD for MCD, NDMC and DCB respectively)

2 State of Environment Report for Delhi, 2001, prepared by TERI quote the total figure at

6000-7000 TPD form the NCT (6300, 400 and 100 TPD for MCD, NDMC and DCB

respectively)

A news paper report (Times of India, May 14, 2006, New Delhi) pegs the solid waste

generation at 8000 TPD and garbage dumped at the three landfill sites at 7435 TPD.

According to a study carried out by IL&FS Ecosmart in 2005, the total generation is around

7700 TPD. The website of NDMC (as accessed on 12.08. 2006) notes lifting of 200-210 TPD

garbage from its area.

Keeping in view the somewhat varying figures, it is proposed that the present generation of

municipal solid waste may be taken as 6500 TPD for MCD, 400 TPD for NDMC and 100

TPD for DCB (total for NCT 7000 TPD) . The figure is corroborated by the figure of waste

collection of 6500-7000 TPD presented in a paper by MCD.

2.3.3 Constituents of Waste:

The variation of biodegradable waste ranges from 61.54% for industrial areas to 90.48% for

APMC. This indicates marked variation in the biodegradable component of MSW in

accordance with the land use pattern. Industrial areas are considered to generate relatively less

amount of biodegradable waste while APMC market is considered to generate maximum

amount of biodegradable waste. However, majority of land use like, MIG, LIG, HIG, EWS,

Local fruits / vegetable markets, institutional areas public / semi public areas and villages are

generating waste with a biodegradable component ranging from 71% to 76.5%. This indicates

that the Dhalaos catering to these areas are receiving waste from mixed land use areas existing

in the vicinity.

The variation in recyclable waste ranges from 1.85 from APMC to 8.24% from industrial

areas. The extent of recycling is indicated by the values of individual constituents at the

source and at the disposal site. It is evident from this table that the recovery of the recyclable

constituent includes paper, plastic, glass crockery, clothes, metal, etc. Paper, plastic and rag

contributed a major fraction while glass, metal contributed to a lesser extent. Recyclables from

APMC market are expected to be minimum (Refer Table 12.2)4 (National Workshop on Municipal Solid Waste Management: Sharing of Experiences and

Lessons Learnt, New Delhi, July, 2005 and sponsored by HUDCO, USAEP and WSP).

13

Table 2.5: Comparative Analysis of Physical and Chemical Characteristics

2.4 Where Actually Lies The Problem

Sewerage is the core element of physical infrastructure that determines the environmental

status of any settlement and as such requires minute planning, development and management.

Development of appropriate sewage carriage system with efficient treatment is the key

element, which acts as a prerequisite for facilitating balanced and harmonized development.

Augmentation of existing inadequate systems/treatment facilities as well as adoption of new

ParameterHIGMIG LIG EWSAPMC Local Institutional

Commer

-cial

Public

& IndustrialVillage Landfill

Fruits / Area Area Semi Areas Areas

Composi-

tion Vege- Public

(%)

table

Markets Areas

Biodegra-

dable 74.9 72.86 72.96 71.28 90.48 76.59 74.63 68.76 74.03 61.54 71.08 62.5

Recyclable 3.86 4.74 5.2 5.99 1.85 4.25 5.00 5.07 5.11 8.24 4.38 3.84

Inert 1.01 1.67 1.43 2.16 0.33 1.16 1.43 1.37 2.37 2.02 1.30 2.75

Others 2.72 3.05 3.95 3.4 0.42 2.18 2.71 8.32 3.20 7.91 3.42 2.45

Bulk

Density 0.36 0.373850.3677 0.374 0.372020.3746510.359392 0.3755470.348420.3746 0.349910.35666

(MT/m3)

Ash and

Fine

17.4

4 17.68 16.46 17.17 6.92 15.82 16.23 16.48 15.29 20.29 19.82 28.46

Earth

Content

%

Moisture %44.5 48.78 45.37 47.19 64.7 47.89 48.4 49.92 57.9 31.425 36.80 44.6

Calorific 10481109.471048 1096 1760 1321 1139.8 1133.46 1451.751014.3 1346 1366

Value

(kCal/kg)

C/N Ratio 21.2 21.35 20.7 20.19 30.03 22.56 17.82 22.52 24.82 19.05 25.76 22.26

14

technologies of waste treatment for small and marginal settlements and rural areas presents a

gigantic task demanding special efforts.

In the Regional Plan -2001, it has been proposed that the DMA and priority towns should treat

sewage before it is discharged into the watercourses or on land or used for irrigation. The

other towns where it is not possible to provide a proper system due to topography and for want

of resources, low cost sanitation measures may be adopted which can be replaced by regular

sewage system subsequently. Sewage should be treated to bring the pollution level to

permissible limits as stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Pollution Control

Boards irrespective of the type of disposal of the sewage. As far as possible, areas where the

annual rainfall exceeds 75 cm, separate systems for sewage and storm water are recommended.

Rural areas, where piped water supply system exists, should be provided with sewerage

system with treatment facilities. Low cost sanitation measures such as sanitary latrines with

septic tanks and soak pit should be provided in the villages with hand-pumps based water

supply.

A review of Regional Plan-2001 was done in the year 1999, in which it was observed that

only 20% towns of NCR were covered with partial sewerage system, while the rural areas did

not have any access to such facilities. Since the last decade, no major progress has been made

with regard to sewage treatment plants. The rivers (mainly Yamuna) and various seasonal

streams had been converted into “Nallahs” which carry untreated sullage polluting

downstream areas. Some newly developed urban areas namely Faridabad, Gurgaon (in

Haryana) and NOIDA (in U.P.) have installed sewage treatment plants provided by

development authorities but reportedly not fully functional due to a variety of reasons.

2.4.1 Existing Situation and Issues

Recent studies reveal that at present barring Delhi, where 80% population is covered under

sewerage and 1,500 mld of waste water is being treated, the sewerage cover ranges from 30 to

70% in U.P. and 60% to 80% in Haryana in the DMA (now CNCR) towns only. Among the

CNCR towns, treatment facilities are available in Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and NOIDA.

No sewerage treatment facility is available in any of the priority towns of U.P. Sub-region or

Rajasthan Sub-region. Coverage of sewerage system in various priority towns ranges from

40.0% to 70.0% in Haryana, 3.0% to 5.0 % in Rajasthan and 0.0% to 30% in Uttar Pradesh.

Status of availability of sewerage system and treatment facilities in some of the NCR towns in

the year 2000 is given at Annexure 9/I. Not enough database is available to determine the

position of sanitation in rural areas. However, the overall picture is dismal. High incidence of

water borne diseases in NCR is indicative of the poor state of sanitation in the region.

15

2.4.2 System Drawbacks and Lack of Coverage

The expansion of sewerage network has lagged behind the growth of population resulting in

overflow of sewage into drains causing river pollution or creation of cess pools in low lying

areas of the towns/settlements. There are imbalances in the coverage of municipal sewerage

systems in various parts of the cities. Significant portion of the city population living in

marginal settlements, unauthorized colonies and urban villages etc. has been devoid of regular

municipal sewerage systems. In old cities like Delhi, sewerage system of the walled city is

quite old and overloaded, which requires phased replacement or rehabilitation.

Development authorities which are associated with development of new areas in various

towns/cities tend to take care of sewerage system in newly developed sectors only. Many a

times no sewage treatment facilities are provided there and untreated sewage is allowed to

flow into the nearest open drain/water bodies or even just allowed to spread over large tracts

of land. Provision of sewerage system and treatment facilities in the existing areas is

considered as the sole responsibility of the local bodies which have neither sufficient financial

resources nor appropriate technical staff to provide such facilities. They are totally dependent

upon the State Government for this, whose resources are also limited.

2.4.3 Lack of Operation & Maintenance and Management Effort

Poor maintenance of the sewerage system by the local bodies and development authorities (in

their respective areas of maintenance) has resulted in blocking and overflowing of sewers,

open manholes and back-flows. The inadvertent act of throwing street sweepings and garbage

by street sweepers into manholes/open drains results in blocking of sewers and creates cess

pools resulting in environmental degradation, foul smell and disease. Re-densification of

population in the existing townships and lack of proportionate improvement in sewerage

systems have resulted in overflowing of sewers and manholes due to insufficient carrying

capacity of sewers, thus, resulting in environmental degradation of the towns. Age old system

of cleaning of sewers is still followed instead of use of modern machines like jetting cum

suction machines, which are quick and do not damage the skin of the sewers, which is one of

the main causes of subsidence of sewers.

2.4.4 Lack of Waste Minimization and Recycling/Reuse

The emphasis should be on waste minimization, which will help in improving the

environment as a whole. Recycled waste water should be promoted for non-drinking purposes.

16

Hotels, industrial units and large installations should be asked to recycle their waste water.

Fiscal measures such as quantum based taxation for waste water should be taken up which

will not only reduce the cost of treatment for the municipalities but will ultimately help in

improving the overall environment of the cities

2.4.5 Other Areas Lacking Adequate Focus

Besides, other aspects/areas, which need attention include:

I. Population living in marginal settlements and slum areas lack coverage.

II. Small and medium towns and large villages, having population above 5,000

persons,should be provided with the requisite sewerage/sanitation facilities.

III. Phased augmentation/replacement of sewers in congested areas of the cities.

IV. Suitable legislation/amendments to check mixing of industrial waste with

domestic sewage and disposal of untreated sewage into open drains.

V. Rural settlements need special focus where presently no sanitation exists.

17

CHAPTER 3

AUTOMATED DRAINAGE CLEANING SYSTEM

We are trying to built a modified version of Bar Screening system which won’t require any

external power supply working. Basically, we will integrate the system with the pelton turbine.

3.1. Mechanism &Working:

1.The automated mechanism is basically designed to filter out the solid waste of the running

drains and hence removing the possibility of any blockage of the flowing waste water.

2.The turbine is the power (rotation) generating element that functions on the hydraulic power

and hence then drive the chain mechanism.

3.The power generated by the turbine is being transmitted through the sprocket-chain

arrangement from turbine shaft to mechanism driving shaft and hence the chain mechanism

is being driven.

4.The chain mechanism is being fitted with the wire mesh filter that just picks up the solid

waste while the liquid waste flows through the mesh.

5.The size of mesh holes can be adjusted in order to decide the different size of solid waste we

are working on.

6.The system is being adjusted at an angle so that mesh is able to hold the solid waste.

7.The storage box is kept where the solid waste is collected and later that box can be cleaned

to remove the collected waste.

3.2Components Required & Analysis

S.No. Component Quantity Specification

1 Angle Rod 4 40cm

2 Angle Rod 4 26cm

3 Square Rod 2 75x2.5x2.5cm

4 Square Rod 2 70x2.5x2.5cm

5 Square Rod 10 75x1x1

6 Sprocket 6 N.A.

7 Bearing 6 N.A.

8 Shaft 3 N.A.

9 Chain 3 170cm

10 Square Rod 2 26x2.5x2.5cm

18

11 Prong 2 N.A.

12 Sheet Metal 1 2x2m

13 Circular Rod 1

Dia. 0.5 cm,

Length=1m

Table 3.1 Components

19

CHAPTER 4

CAD MODELLLING

Respective Screenshots:

Fig. 4.1 Dimensions

20

Fig. 4.2 Rear View

21

Fig 4.3 Schematic model

22

Fig. 4.4 Front view

23

Fig. 4.5 Rear portion

24

Fig. 4.6 Side View

25

Fig.4.7 Side View

26

Fig 4.8 Front View

27

Fig.4.9 View From floor

28

Fig 4.10 Model

29

Fig. 4.11 Model

30

Fig. 4.12 Sprocket

31

Fig. 4.13 Sprocket Side View

32

Fig 4.14 Component Dimension (1)

33

Fig 4.15 Component Dimension (2)

34

Fig 4.16 Component Dimension (3)

35

Fig 4.17 Component Dimension (4)

36

Fig 4.18 Component Dimension (5)

37

Fig 4.19 Component Dimension (6)

38

Fig 4.20 Component Dimension (7)

39

Fig 4.21 Component Dimension (8)

40

CHAPTER 5

CALCULATIONS

5.1DESIGN OFMECHANISM SHAFT(Reference K. Mahadevan and K. Balaveera Reddy)

Material : Carbon Steel ( Water Quenched) Permissible Tension: 655 MPa. Permissible Shear Stress: 462 MPa. Yield Stress(σ) = 414 MPa.(In Tension) Yield Stress(τ) = 241 MPa (In Shear) Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 207 GPa. Modulus of Rigidity ( G) = 82 GPa. Density = 7808 Kg/M3.

Shaft Dia = 10 mmLength of Shaft (l) = 28 mmVolume = (π/4)d2l = 2.199 x 10-5Mass = Volume * Density = 2.199*10^(-5) * 7808 = 0.1717kgWeight = 0.1717*9.81 = 1.684 N.

41

Now Calculating bending stress on shaft :

IM

y

Now, M = 0.20609 N-m.y = d/2σ = 2.099 MPa

Now calculating the torosion for the shaft :

42

JT

r

=============================================

Now, T = F*r = m*gSin60*r = 8.495 N-m. (Taking maximum Load = 19.62 N)J = (π/32) x d4τ = .0033976 MPa

Principle stress=

σ1= 2.09922 MPa.

σ2= 00MPa.

Accordingto Von Mises Theory

σe= (σ1^2 + σ 2^2 – σ1*σ2/)^(1/2)

σe = 2.09922 MPa.

FOS = 198 ( Approx.)

Hence the design of the shaft is safe

DESIGN OF SHAFT BEARING OF MACHANImSM

(Reference K. Mahadevan and K. Balaveera Reddy)Radial Load(Fr) = 9.81N

Dia of Shaft = 10mm

Let the life of bearing be 25000Hrs

M=25rpm

Assuming this life as average life

= 25000x60x25

=37.5million revolution

Designing the bearing for 90% reliability i.e. its rated life =

(L90/L50) = (ln (1/0.9)/ ln (1/0.5))^(1.17)Taking the bearing No. 6300

This bearing is having the dynamic load capacity (C) = 636080

Static Load carrying capacity ( Co) = 3570

Now Fr/Co= 0.0027

Now the value of ‘e’ = 0.19

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Fa = 0 ; V = 1 ( as inner race is rotating)

Therefore, (F/V x Fr) = ∞ ;

X = 0.56 Y = 2.3

Peq= ( X x V x Fr) + Y x Fa

P eq= 2.45

Now

Peff= Ka x Kf x Peq

Where Ka = Shock Factor = 1.8

Kf = Temperature factor = 1.2

Peff = 4.414

Working Dynamic load on Bearing ( C1)

C1= Peff x L^(1/3) = 8.6390 N

As(C > C1) i.e (allowable dynamic load > working dynamic load)

Hence bearing 6300 is safe to use for given application.

DESIGN OF THE CHAIN DRIVE

(Reference Vijay Kumar Jadon book)(page no. 154 , t . no. 12.3)Power Transmitted on the Breaking Load ( F)P = (F x V)/(n X k) =Where K = K1 x K2 x K3 x K4n = Factory of Safety ( n=4)K1= 1.25 (Mild Shocks)K2= 1.1 (Idler Shocker)K3 = 1.25K4 = 1.25 ( Angle b/w Line joining sprockets)K5= 1.5 ( Periodic Lubrication)K6 = 1.5 ( Running Factor)K = 4.83398Using Chain 06B ( Accq. To ISO)Pitch of chain = 12.7 mm ( simple chain)Velocity = w*r ( r= 0.04 for sprocket)N = 25 RPMV= 0.1047 m/sP=1.83 WPower Transmitted = F*V = 8.495 x 0.1047 = 0.8894 W.Now Force ( Permissible) = 10.8077Force Applied = mg*sin60 = 8.495As Permissible force is greater than working force, Hence Chain drive is safe.

44

CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES

6.1 Advantages :

1) Automated Systems

Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operatingequipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens,switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and otherapplications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes havebeen completely automated.

The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labor; however, it is also used to save energyand materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision.

The term automation, inspired by the earlier word automatic (coming from automaton), wasnot widely used before 1947, when Ford established an automation department It was duringthis time that industry was rapidly adopting feedback controllers, which were introduced inthe 1930s.Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic,pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices and computers, usually in combination. Complicatedsystems, such as modern factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these combinedtechniques.

2) Low in costOur system is very low in cost because we are using very simple mechanism and also we haveincorporated those components which are being used in simple bicycle construction. So wecan say that our mechanism will be very easy to construct and it will not incur any high laborcost and also the cost components will be very low and all and all It will be low in cost.

3) Easy maintenanceOur mechanism will be very easy to maintain because it is having components which aredetachable in nature and we will be able to maintain each and every component individuallyand also if any particular needs to be replaced so we can replace them readily, and since wehave said earlier that our components are very simple in nature so this makes our system moremaintainable.

4) It is used almost in all types if Drainage (Large, Small & medium).

Our system can be used in all types of drainage like we can vary the dimensions of ourmechanisms according to the needs like we can vary the size of the mechanism according tothe narrow or broad drainage. We always observe that in our daily life usually drains areleaking in slum areas where drains are very narrow and also residing region are also narrowso we have to design our mechanism accordingly and this mechanism gives us that freedom.

5) This device is suitable to hold flat type plate (maximum length 1.5 feet).

With the help of this mechanism we can hold the flat type plate of maximum length 1.5 feetfrom this we are trying to say that our mechanism is able to handle vast variety of objects ofvariety of widths and sizes which makes it very flexible to use.

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6) It can handle maximum load of 1kg.

Our mechanism is able to handle the maximum load of 1kg so it proves that it can carryvariety of loads of starting from carry bags to disposables, etc.

6.2 Challenges:

1) Turbine Power from Drainage needs to be maintained.

Turbine power needs to be maintained because sometimes flow of the water can be very highwhich may be not essential for the operating function. It is one of the disadvantages whichcan be very important to consider.

2) It is able to clean solid waste only

This is one of the most important disadvantage to ponder upon, Actually It can only able toclean the solid waste only. So due to this drawback we cannot clean the liquid and semi liquidwastes and this the vital drawback on which we have to ponder upon.

3) Waste storage tanks need to be emptied from time to time.

This is the most vital drawback n which we have to ponder upon. Since we have to empty thetank time to time which can make the work somewhat tidy and tough. But we can remove thisdrawback by inculcating the sensor mechanism which will send the message to themunicipality about the status of the storage tank so that they can manage the operation tocollect the garbage but as of now we cannot incorporate the sensor mechanism because wehave to consider the cost constraint also but in future we can think of it.

4) Width of the mechanism is limitation as it can clean drain width up to its width only.

This drawback is also vital to discuss because we have to think that our mechanism can onlycollect the garbage coming in the area equal to the width of the frame of the mechanism. But,we can remove this drawback by confining all the solid waste by confining them in the areaequal to the area of the frame of the mechanism but as of now we can consider as a drawback.

5) Needs maintenance as it include mechanical components.

Since our mechanism is having mechanical components which are detachable also so we haveto regularly maintain those components. Since, our mechanism is in constant touch with thewater and is also made up of metal frame so slowly our structure corrodes and also vibrationaland frictional losses also causes a failure which make us to maintain frequently. So toovercome this drawback we can paint the structure and also use frame of different materialbut we have to keep in mind of the cost constraint.

6) Cannot withstand higher loads.

Since our mechanism can withstand 1kg of load which is an advantage up to an extent but forindustrial usage we have to increase its capacity to much higher values but again we are ininitial phase and we are designing this project for small purposes but in near future we have toincrease its capacity for applying it to industries.

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7) Less capacity of storage tank.

Since initially we are using this mechanism in remote areas as a consequence of that we arekeeping the capacity of storage tank less but in near future we have to increase its capacity butwe are keeping in this mind.

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CHAPTER 7

7.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

7.1.1.KEY FINDINGS

Drainage Cleaning System is a social incentive project where we tried to present a muchbetter procedure to keep our drain clean and thus providing the way to a cleaner and safersurrounding.We performed the following test and results are being discussed as follows:

Weight Lifted: We tried to present the model where the model is successfully able tolift the 1 Kg of the drainage APMC i.e solid waste. With the constraint of the size andbudget the project performs excellent in its parameters.

Speed of the Drain: As the setup which performs excellently on the constraintscondition that have been designed in view of the real life drain condition, we try toprovide the drain with the minimum speed of 5 Km/Hr and able to derive out theresults that the battery is getting charged and able to run the mechanism.

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CHAPTER 8

8.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT

As the project has been based on the baseline to make integration of the benefits for humanhealth, societal concerns and national cleanliness policy. Therefore it covers many section ofproportionate benefits to the all sphere of our present life.Explaining all the present benefits in respective category:

8.1.1 FOR ACADEMICS

Drainage Cleaning System is basically a agglomeration of the basic mechanicalcomponents that we have gone through regressively during out past four year ofcirruculum.

All the basic components that majorly consist of the Chain drives, Bearings, Welding,Turbine etc components are finely integrated to build to structurally simple project.

Moreover the last add on the project to give and edge effect harnessing of the flowenergy of the drain gives the project the much needed future scope of exploitation ofthe renewable resource.

8.1.2 FOR INDUSTRY

Presently as a nation, India purposefully focus on two major things. Firstly as youngand fast growing nation we are concentrating to pull out the maximum from outmanufacturing sector with a touch of Start-ups as thing of sub-topic focus.

Our Project, as being new in the market network will provide the entrepreneurs themuch needed ideas to blend the technology with societal benefits and harness themarket.

Secondly, as a nation we are focusing on the Public benefits in the policy making andproviding the young generation the employment and environment safety. While beinga high-market potential project conserves the profit for the industry section with theadvance of providing the corporate social benefits.

8.1.3FOR SOCIETY

In a modern society where luxury has become a necessity in the urban and rural hub,there lies a section of the population who still lives on meager just enough to satisfyits hand to mouth needs. Sanitations is one of the very basic amenities required for thebasic living of a man and providing with such a technological and economicalinstrument which can change the pathetic sewerage condition of the town and cities ofmediocre India.

With such a potential instrument of employment generation in the society throughindustry co-operation, this product land you in the win-situation for the people.

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8.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The projects Drainage cleaning system definitely serves the many dimensions the humanneeds and definitely presents a bright future aspect in this domain.With technological advancement this core-mechanical project can be revolutionized toinclude the technology like GSM etc, to make the working of the Municipal Boards of thecites more viable.The project can be incorporate the automatic dustbin lifting system and hence the project canbe tech-abled.

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CHAPTER 9

Conclusion

Cleaning of drains/gutters has always been a problem. Labors cleaning gutters & drain seemsunethical and also leads to a high risk of them catching infections or poisoning due to largeamounts of waste/chemicals in them. Also throwing of bottles/plastics and other such objectsinto the gutters lead to narrowing and eventually blockage in gutter flow. This leads tooverflow in many cases. So here we provide a fully automated drain gutter cleaningmechanism to tackle these modern day gutter jamming issues. Our system uses an automatedgutter/drain cleaning system that lets fluids flow through it but catches large solid waste likebottles & plastic and accumulates it. So gutter cleaners need to just clean these gutter cleaningsystems installed at points instead of cleaning entire gutter floors. Our system consists ofmetal teeth based jaws that wait at the bottom of the mechanism. It is mounted in a frame tohold the system upright in the gutter. The vertical frame bed is used to let liquid flow butcatch all solid waste. The mechanism consists of a filter basket on top of it. After particulartime intervals the jaw lifts up using a motorized shaft which is connected using a chain to thejaws. It then reaches the top and turns upside down to dump the solid waste. Now afterdumping the waste, the motor rotates again to bring the jaw again to the bottom position tocollect more waste. The system is a very efficient way to cleaning gutters & drains and alsorequires very low power since it will only rotate once or twice a day to dump the solid waste.

Water is a basic necessity of humans and all living beings. There is a plenty of water on earthbut that is not suitable for human use. Clean water is more important if it is used for somepurpose. The impurities present in water can prove hazardous and can cause diseases. As longas the drainage system is considered the function of the main drainage system is to collect,transport, and dispose of the water through an outfall or outlet. Impurities in drainage watercan be any like empty bottles, polythene bags, papers etc. These impurities present indrainage water can cause blockage of the drainage system. To avoid such situation theseimpurities are needed to be taken out time to time for the smooth working of the drainagesystem. The drainage system can be cleaned time to time manually or such a system can bedesigned that will automatically throw out these impurities and will keep the water clean. Thisproject is designed with the objective of keeping clean the drainage system and helps thesmooth working of the system. This project automatically cleans the water in the drainagesystem each time any impurity appears, and this forma an efficient and easy way of cleaningthe drainage system and preventing its blockage. It also reduces labor and improves thequality of water that is cleaned.

Now we can reach the conclusion that with the help of our project AUTOMATEDDRAINAGE CLEANING SYSTEM that:

We can apply this project in remote and slum areas with effectiveness. Since drains are linked with hygiene and in slum areas this is major problem and we

can apply this project in those areas and can safeguard health of the people. Our project is very useful in monsoon because in rainy season our drains are usually

are overflowing and they can be blocked by solid wastes. We can incorporate this project with SWACCH BHARAT ABHIYAAN which is a

revolution in present times. We can say that in India our drains and sewage paths are open so this project or

mechanism can become very handy and use to clean them. Our project is very easy to operate since we are using this mechanism to generate

electricity to drive the mechanism itself (self driven) and is very easy to maintain.

51

APPENDIX

General information

Table A.1: SI Units and abbreviations

Quantity Unit Unit symbol

Basic unitsLength metre mMass kilogram kgTime second sElectric current ampere AThermodynamictemperature kelvin KLuminous intensity candela cd

Derived unitsmetre=second2 m s 2Acceleration, linear

Acceleration, angular radian=second2 rad s 2Area metre2 m2

Density kilogram=metre3 kg m 3

Force newton N (= kg m s 2)Frequency hertz (Hz = s 1)Impulse, linear newton-second N sImpulse, angular newton-metre-second N m sMoment of force newton-metre N mSecond moment of area metre4 m4Moment of inertia kilogram-metre2 kg m2

Momentum, linearkilogram-metre=second kg m s 1

Momentum, angularkilogram-metre2=second kg m2 s 1

Power wattW (= J s 1 = N m s1

Pressure, stress pascal Pa (= N m 2)Sti ness (linear), springconstant newton=metre N m 1Velocity, linear metre=second m s 1Velocity, angular radian=second rad s 1Volume metre3 m3Work, energy joule J (= N m)

Electrical unitsV (=W A 1)Potential volt

Resistance ohm Ò (= V A 1)Charge coulomb C (= A s)Capacitance farad F (= A s V 1)Electric field strength volt=metre V m 1

Electric flux density coulomb=metre2 C m 2

Magnetic unitsMagnetic flux weber Wb (= V s)Inductance henry H (= V s A 1)Magnetic field strength — A m 1Magnetic flux density — Wb m 2

52

A General information

Different types of bolt

53

Different types of nut

54

Different types of washer

55

Different types of bearing

56

Different types of counter shunk

57

REFERENCES

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_cleaner

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3. www.internationaljournalssrg.org/IJIE/2016/Special-Issues/.../IJIE-ICEIET-

P119.pdf

4. Author: Dr .K.Kumaresan M.E, Ph.D, Author B: Prakash.S, Author C:

Rajkumar.P, Author D: Sakthivel.C, Author E: Sugumar.G

Park College Of Engineering And Technology

Coimbatore

5. SEMI-AUTOMATIC DRAIN FOR SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT OF

FLOATING MATERIALS

Author A: Ganesh U , Author B: Vinod V Rampur, Assistant Professor,

Mechanical Department, PESITM, Shimoga, Karnataka, India

6. http://esatjournals.net/ijret/2016v05/i07/IJRET20160507043.pdf

7. https://www.alibaba.com › Service Equipment › drain cleaner

8. www.madehow.com › Volume 7

9. CUTTING EQUIPMENT www.lincolnelectric.com/en-

us/equipment/Pages/welding-cutting-equipment.aspx

10. www.aws.org/publications/WeldingJournal

11. Precision Manufacturing at our ISO-Registered Facilities

www.ustsubaki.com/sprockets.html

12. www.wordreference.com/es/translation.asp?tranword=shaft

13. Stress-Strain Diagrams for Engineering Materials

https://gradeup.co/stress-strain-diagrams-for-engineering-materials-i-2cc925aa-

bde4-11e5-a3cb-9342f77a04d7