MASS TRANSPORTATION PLANNING Graduate reportBy ATIT JAISWAL (P16UP002)

GRADUATE REPORT :MASS TRANSPORTATION PLANNING Guided by: Dr. K. A. Chauhan

Submitted by: Atit Kumar Jaiswal P16UP002 M. Tech. (Urban Planning) Semester 1 Department of Civil Engineering, SVNIT, Surat, Gujrat

CONTENTS Why do we need Mass Transport Issues solved by Public Transport Types of Mass Transportation Metro transits

History Current scenario and Developments Metros in India Why do we need metros? Benefits

1. Kolkata metro2. Delhi metro3. Namma metro4. Mumbai metro

Public Bus System Types of buses Bus transit ways Case study: Delhi’s BRT failure

References

WHY DO WE NEED URBAN MASS TRANSPORT?# India’s urban population is currently around 30% of its total population.# Experience across the world has been that as economies grow, rapid urbanization takes this proportion to over 60% before it begins to stabilize. As such, it is projected that India’s urban population would grow to about 473 million in 2021 and 820 million by 2051, as against only 285 million in 2001. # Hence, cities must not only meet the mobility needs of the current population but also provide for the needs of those yet to join the urban population.# In this context, the Government of India has launched the National Urban Renewal Mission (NURM) that inter-alia seeks to bring about comprehensive improvements in urban infrastructure, committing substantial funds for this purpose and requiring a series of reforms that would make the investments sustainable.

ISSUES SOLVED BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT Accessing jobs, education, recreation and similar activities is becoming increasingly time consuming. Billions of man hours are lost with people “stuck in traffic”. The primary reason for this has been the explosive growth in the number of motor vehicles, coupled with limitations on the amount of road space that can be provided.

The cost of travel, especially for the poor, has increased considerably. This is largely because the use of cheaper non-motorised modes like cycling and walking has become extremely risky, since these modes have to share the same right of way with motorized modes.

Further, with population growth, cities have tended to sprawl and increased travel distances have made non-motorized modes impossible to use.

TYPES OF MASS TRANSPORTATIONS 1. Metro Transits2. Public Bus Transport 3. Para Transit 4. Mono rails5. Various others

This presentation will deal with Metro and Bus transits.

I. METRO TRANSITS

HISTORY Rapid and metro transit has its roots in London, way back in 1863 with Metropolitian Railway.

Technology was not that strong and so they were steam driven and also smoke was a major problem.

The opening of London's City & South London Railway in 1890 overcame the smoke problem by using electric traction and by the First World War had led to the development of electric underground railways in Athens, Berlin, Boston, Buenos Aires, Budapest, Glasgow, Hamburg, Liverpool, New York city, Paris, and Philadelphia.

While history of India's 1st and Asia's 5th metro rail begins with Kolkata. Over a length of 16.45 km and the work on this project was sanctioned on 1.6.1972 and Calcutta Metro started its journey on October 24, 1984

FIG:LONDON UNDERGROUND. THEN AND NOW.

CURRENT SCENARIO AND DEVELOPMENT India currently has four operational metro rails – namely, Kolkata Metro in West Bengal, Delhi Metro and Delhi Airport Express Link in the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi, and Bangalore Metro in Karnataka.

Similar rail projects are being planned and/or are under construction in Ahmedabad in Gujarat, Bhopal and Indore in Madhya Pradesh, Chandigarh, Ludhiana in Punjab, Jaipur in Rajasthan, Kochi in Kerala and Pune and Mumbai in Maharashtra, and Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh.

In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of 20 lakh.

On 11 August 2014, Union Urban Development Minister M. Venkaiah Naidu announced that the Union Government would provide financial assistance, for the implementation of a metro rail system, to all Indian cities having population of more than 1 million.

In May 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities.

The majority of the planned projects will be implement through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government.

The Union Government will invest an estimated ₹5 lakh crore (US$74 billion). Currently, rapid transit systems operate in 15 cities and more are under construction or in planning in several cities of India.

METRO RAIL

PROJECTS AND THEIR STATUS IN

INDIA (SOURCE: IIR, 2011)

WHY DO WE NEED METROS?1. Unprecedented growth of personal vehicles.2. Growing traffic congestion. 3. Air pollution and traffic accidents has become a major concern.4. To avoid congestion at peak hours. 5. Time saving.6. Reduced fuel consumption.

FIG: RAJIV CHOWK OF DMRC ON BUSY HOURS

FIG: AERIAL VIEW OF CONNOUGHT PLACE

FIG: NEAR IIT DELHI

BENEFITS1. Requires 1/5th energy per passenger km compared to road-based transport

system.2. Causes less noise, no air pollution and eco friendly transport system.3. Occupies no road space if underground and only about 2.60 meters width of the

road if elevated.4. Reduces journey time.5. Cost effective mass transport system.6. Reducing traffic transport problems.7. Very high capacity around 20,000-90,000 PPHPD (Passenger per hour per day

direction).8. Safer since CISF personnel are deployed and also CCTV cameras run 24x7

Fig: @Rajiv chowk of Delhi metro, A Man was beaten by the ladies as well as the metro personnel and charged a monetary fine too, when he tried to enter the coach reserved for ladies.

KOLKATA METRO

Locale Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Transit type Rapid Transit

Number of lines15 Under Construction

Number of stations

24 Stations (Noapara to Kavi Subhash) (Metro Railway, Kolkata)12 Stations (Howrah Maidan to Salt Lake Sector-V) (East-West Metro Corridor)

Daily ridership Over 650,000

Began operation

24 October 1984; 31 years ago (Metro Railway, Kolkata)East West Metro (KMRC) - Under Construction

Operator(s)

Metro Railway, Kolkata, Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. Undertaken by Govt. of India

Train length8 Coaches (Each Rakes of Metro Railway, Kolkata)

System length27.22 km (Metro Railway, Kolkata)14.67 km (East-West Metro Corridor)

Table: Details of Kolkata Metro

DELHI METRO

GROWTH OF DELHI METRO

Owner Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC)

Locale NCR, India

Transit type Rapid transit / Metro

Number of lines 6 colour-coded lines

Number of stations

160, including 6 Airport Express stations

Daily ridership average 2.8 million

Annual ridership 1022 million (FY 2015)

Began operation 24 December 2002; 13 years ago

Operator(s)Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (DMRC)

Number of vehicles 216 trains

Train length4/6/8 coaches

System length 213 km (132 mi)

Table: Details of Delhi Metro

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT DELHI METRO?The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from different organisations for becoming the first metro in the world to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction. Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rain water harvesting as an environmental protection measure. It is the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations and has earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems.It is also the first system in the world which doesnot require the tickets to be physically touched to the sensors, one can just hover it or use it from inside the wallet.

WHAT’S WRONG WITH DELHI METRO?YEAR ACTUAL

PASSENGERS PROJECTED PASSENGERS

ACTUAL AS % OF PROJECTED

2006 492,750 2,497,300 20%2007 621,830 2,759,517 23%2008 767,662 3,049,266 25%2009 889,094 3,369,439 26%

Given the trend of much lower ridership of the Delhi Metro, the DMRC has revised its projected ridership many times since the completion of Phase I. The original feasibility study for developing a metro system for Delhi projected a daily ridership of 3.1 million passengers by 2005, which was later reduced to a projected demand of 2.18 million passengers per day.

Latest revision in 2011 to achieve 2 million passengers by the end of 2011.

PROJECTED AND ACTUAL RIDERSHIP OF DELHI METRO IN PHASE I CORRIDORS (UNFCCC,2011)

MUMBAI METRO ONE

The existing Mumbai Suburban Railway carries over 7 million passengers perday,[and is supplemented by the Brihanmumbai Electricity Suplly and Transport (BEST) bus system, which provides feeder services to station-going passengers to allow them to complete their journeys.

The Mumbai Suburban Railway, though extensive, is not built to rapid transit specifications.

The main objective of the Mumbai Metro is to provide mass rapid transit services to people within an approach distance of between 1 and 2 kilometres, and to serve the areas not connected by the existing Suburban Rail network.

Owner

Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority(MMRDA)

Locale Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Transit type Rapid transit

Number of lines 1 (operational)3 (planned)

Number of stations 12 (operational)93 (planned)

Daily ridership 277,000 (Line 1 average)

Annual ridership 100 million

Began operation 8 June 2014 (Line 1)

Operator(s)

Mumbai Metro One Private Limited (Line 1)Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Limited (Line 3)

Train length 4–6 coach trainsets

Headway 4–8 minutes

Table: Details of Mumbai Metro

BANGALORE METRO /NAMMA METRO

OwnerBangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (BMRC)

Locale Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Transit type Rapid transitNumber of lines 2

Number of stations

3041 (Phase I)102 (Phase II finish - December 2020)

Daily ridership 140,000 (May, 2016)

Began operation 20 October 2011

Train length3 coaches (Extendable to 6 coaches)

Headway 8–10 minutes

System length

31.52 km (19.59 mi) (current)283.690km(176.194)(total length)

No. of tracks 2

Table: Details of Bengaluru Metro

II. PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTBuses are most widely used public transit technology. Bus services are easy to introduce and modify:Basic services require only purchase of buses, , garage and maintenance facilities, and organization of service.Comapred to para transit modes, bus transit is very labor-efficient: one driver operates a vehicle with capacity of 50-150 spaces. Comapred to rail transit, buses are labor-intensive and have no economy of scale: on heavily travelled lines, for every additional 40-120 passengers,one bus and one driver must be added to the service.

TYPES OF BUS VEHICLES A Minibus is a 6-8 m long vehicle, which has acapacity of 15-40 seats and standing spaces. It is used for lightly traveled lines, short shuttle lines, services in residential neighbourhoods, etc.

A Regular bus is 10-12 m ling, 2.5 m wide. It has 30-50 seats and 60-20 standing spaces.

An Articulated bus is a vehicle with the main body on two axels and a articulated section with the third axle. These buses are 16-18 m and have a capacity approcimately 50% greater than a regular bus. With their greater capacity, these are suited for heavy traveled lines. In a few cities with very heavy ridership double-articulated buses, with 3 body sections and 4 axels are used.

Low-floor buses , perfected during the 1990s, have become standard in several industrialized countries. These buses have floors 35-40 cm above ground, so that entry from a curb is nearly flat, or a plate is provided for wheelchairs.

Double-decker buses have two decks, the upper being for seated passengers only. Like articulated buses , double-deckers have a greater capacity than regular buses, but takes less street space. They are extensively used in United Kingdom and many British commonwealth countries.

BUS TRAVEL WAYS The vast majority of buses operate on regular streets. Being in mixed traffic , their speed and reliability of service depend on traffic condition. The average speed of buses is lower than that of cars because they stop to pick up and drop off passangers. Buses are therefore not very competitive with car travel in the same corridor with respect to speed and reliability . Their advantages are much lower cost and convenience of not having to drive and park.

To make buses more effective and attaractive to passengers, bus preferential measures can be introduced. They have been explained hereby.

Preferential signals: buses in a separate approach lane at intersections get the green signal before other lanes, so that they can proceed through the intersection ahead of other traffic.

Alternating stop locations: at near and far side of intersections( before or after cross street) so that buses clearing one intersection on green signal use the green at the following intersection before they make the next stop. Also ,spacing between bus stops typically be about 250-400 m

Exclusive bus lanes, which may be curb lanes or in the median. This is most significant improvement measure because it makes buses independent of traffic conditions on same street.

Buses on high –occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes or roadways are used when bus lines with frequent service follow freeway alignment for a rather long distance. HOV facilities usually have traffic control that prevents congestion, but they do not provide the image of an exclusive, independent transit facility.

Busway – special roadways reserved for buses only. BRTS of Surat city works on this principle.

EXAMPLE: SURAT BRTS(SITILINK)

CASE STUDY : FAILURE OF DELHI’S BRT In an appeal to scrap the current BRT corridor in Delhi, Saurabh Bharadwaj, former transport minister said: “The stretch on which this BRT has been made was not the best choice. For one, the bus lanes are in the middle and getting to them is a huge pain for pedestrians. Secondly, there are about four major intersections on the road and despite a very expensive smart signaling system, the implementation has failed completely.”

While a valid critique, it’s important to understand that Delhi’s project was not a complete bus rapid transit (BRT) system. A complete BRT goes beyond bus lanes and bus stops—it is a systematic approach for improving multiple aspects of the passenger experience and bus operations. A complete system includes enclosed stations, centralized management of the bus fleet, adequate access facilities, and continued maintenance and improvement. Furthermore, despite incomplete corridors, the majority of road users benefited from the system: bus travel time dropped and bycicle users enjoyed the best dedicated bike planes in Delhi.

But it is fairly argued that, the BRT could have been improved and there was no need to completely scrap it off.

Delhi being a metro city needs such kinds of systems for its sustainable growth and proper hassle free transit.

Picture source: Dailymail.uk

REFERENCES1. Urban transport –Ministry of Urban Transporthttp://moud.gov.in/division_work_allocation/urbantransport

2.National Portal of Indiahttps://india.gov.in/topics/transport/metro3. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation(DMRC) | Official Websitehttp://www.delhimetrorail.com/

4. Case Study of Metro Rails in Indian Cities - UNEPhttp://www.unep.org/transport/lowcarbon/PDFs/CaseStudy_MetroRails.pdf

5. Goel,Rahul and Tiwari,Geetam. Promoting Low Carbon Transportation in India (2014)

IIT Delhi

6. Rapid transit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit

7.Vuchhic, Vukan R. . Urban Public Transport Systems

Professor, Department of system networks, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA

8.End of the road for Delhi BRT

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-3169928/End-road-Delhi-s-BRT-controversial-corridor-failed.html

Thank you