Non-Ferrous Metal Industries: Present Status and proposed standards

Non-Ferrous Metal Industries Present Status amp Proposed standards

Submitted by-

Sooraj Garg

P14EN009

Under the Guidance of-

Mr Ajay Aggarwal

Additional Director

Central Pollution Control Board New Delhi

Contentbull Company Profile

bull Introduction

bull Production of Non-Ferrous Metals in India

bull Primary Copper Industriesndash Manufacturing Process

ndash Environmental Concern

bull Primary Lead and Zinc Industriesndash Manufacturing process


bull Proposed Standards

bull Ambient Air Quality Monitoring2

Company Profilebull Central Pollution Control Board New Delhi

Statutory organization under the Ministry of EnvironmentForests amp Climate Change (MoEF amp CC)

Established in 1974 under Water (Prevention and Control ofPollution) Act 1974

It serves as a field formation and also provides technical servicesto the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the provisions ofthe Environment (Protection) Act 1986

Head office of CPCB divided into 21 divisions and I workedunder the PCI-II (Pollution Control Implementation Division - II)division

bull Area of work Preparing a support document for drafting the proposed standards for Non-Ferrous metal Industries (Cu Pb amp Zn)

3

Introductionbull Metals that do not contain iron as principle constituent are

called non-ferrous metalsbull Non-ferrous metals have specific advantages over ferrous

metalsbull They can be fabricated with ease and have high electrical

amp thermal conductivitiesbull Non-ferrous metals find extensive use on account of their

desirable properties like low weight higher conductivitynon-magnetic property etc

bull Aluminium copper lead and zinc are the most prominentnon-ferrous metals in India which are produced throughboth primary and secondary routes

bull Primary non-ferrous metals production is energy intensiveand there are various avenues of pollution from suchindustries like mining refining smelting and casting

4

Contribution and rank of India in world production of principal non-ferrous metals

Metals Production (Kilo tonne) Indiarsquos Contribution ()

Indiarsquos rank in

order of

quantum

of production

World

(during 2011)

India

(during 2011-

12)

Aluminium 45200 1654 37 8th

Copper 19500 504 26 10th

Lead (refined) 10400 92 09 18th

Zinc (slab) 13000 783 60 3rd

5

Source Annual Report 2013-14 Ministry of Mines Government of India

Major Producers of Non-Ferrous MetalsMetal Major Producer Production (tonne)

2013-14

Aluminium NALCO

HINDALCO

VEDANTA GROUP

316492

618286

75355

Copper Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL)

Sterlite Industries Limited

Hindalco India Limited

17005

294433

332842

Zinc Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL)Binanipuram Zinc Limited (BZL)

78364738000

Lead Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL) 185000

- Data is of 2011-12Source- Annual Report 2013-14 Ministry of Mines Indian Minerals Yearbook 2013 (Part- II Metals amp Alloys) 51st amp 52nd Edition 6

Primary Copper Industriesbull Copper is an important non-ferrous base metal having wide industrial

applications ranging from defence space program railways powercables telecommunication cables construction industries etc

bull Copper is mined from a variety of ores often containing less than one per cent copper

bull This copper is typically in the form of mineral compounds with sulphur iron arsenic and tin

bull To facilitate transportation to smelters concentration to about 30 copper content is accomplished at the mine sites via crushing grinding and flotation

bull The resulting concentrate is processed in a reverberatory furnace an electric furnace or one of several relatively new oxygen enrichment flash smelting furnaces to yield matte of as much as 65copper content

bull The iron in this matte is oxidized in a converter to produce blistercopper of 97 to 985 purity which can then be further refinedPyrometallurgical andor hydrometallurgical

7

Manufacturing Process

Source - Nonferrous metal US EPA archive Document September 1995 8

Copper - Process Material Input and Pollution Output

Source - Nonferrous metal US EPA archive Document September 1995

Process Material Input Air Emissions Process Wastes Other Wastes

Copper Concentration Copper ore water

chemical reagents

thickeners

Flotation wastewaters Tailings containing waste

minerals such as limestone and

quartz

Copper Leaching Copper concentrate

sulphuric acid

Uncontrolled leachate Heap leach waste

Copper Smelting Copper concentrate

siliceous flux

Sulphur dioxide particulate

matter containing arsenic

antimony cadmium lead

mercury and zinc

Acid plant blow down Slurry

sludge (K064) slag containing

iron sulphides silica

Copper Conversion Copper matte scrap

copper siliceous flux




mercury and zinc

Acid plant blow down slurry



Electrolytic Copper

Refining

Blister copper Process wastewater Slimes containing impurities

such as gold silver antimony

arsenic bismuth iron lead

nickel selenium sulphur and

zinc

9

Environmental impacts of copper production

Source Copper Technology and Competitiveness September 1988 congress of the United states office of the technology and assessment

10

Treatment bull Fabric filters are used to control particulate emissions

Dust will need to be disposed of in a secure landfill orother acceptable manner

bull Effluent treatment by precipitation filtration and soon of process

bull Bleed streams filter backwash waters boiler blowdown and other streams may be required to reducesuspended and dissolved solids and heavy metals

bull Slag should be landfilled or granulated and sold

bull Modern plants using good industrial practices shouldset as targets total dust releases of 05ndash10 kgt ofcopper and SO2 discharges of 25 kgt of copper

11

Sulphur Dioxide treatment

bull Sulphur that is not captured is usually present asSO2 and can be recovered as elemental sulphurliquid SO2 gypsum or sulphuric acid

bull Sulphur dioxide is produced during the dryingand smelting of sulphide concentrates and othermaterial

bull A distinction can be made between techniquesapplied to reduce SO2 emissions from off-gaseswith less than 1 SO2 and for gases with a higherSO2 content

bull Acid plants convert the sulphur dioxide inemissions to sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

12

SO2 Gas cleaning mechanism

13

Sulphuric acid plants

bull Single contactsingle absorption (SCSA) plantsndash The gas goes through the system oncendash such plants average conversion (SO2 to H2S04)

efficiencies of 96 to 98

bull Double contactdouble absorption (DeDA) plants ndash maximize S02 capture by returning the gas stream to

the converters through an intermediate absorption tower

ndash These plants are capable of 997 to 998 conversion efficiencies

14

Sulphuric acid plant

15

Primary Lead and Zinc Industries

bull The most important and abundant lead and zinc minerals are Galena (PbS)and Sphalerite or Zinc Blende (ZnS) respectively

bull The worlds reserves of lead were estimated at 89 million tonne Australialeads with 40 of worlds reserves of lead followed by China (16)Russia (10) Peru (9) and USA amp Mexico (about 6 each)

bull The worlds reserves of zinc were estimated at 250 million tonne Australiaaccounts for 28 of worlds zinc reserves followed by China (17) Peru(7) Mexico (6) India (5) and USA and Kazakhstan (4 each)

bull Rajasthan is endowed with the largest resources of lead-zinc oreamounting to 60753 million tonne (8861) followed by Andhra Pradesh2269 million tonne (331) Madhya Pradesh 1484 million tonne (216)Bihar 1143 million tonne (167) and Maharashtra 927 million tonne(135) Resources are also established in Gujarat Meghalaya OdishaSikkim Tamil Nadu Uttarakhand and West Bengal

16

Manufacturing Processbull Beneficiation

ndash Separation of lead concentrates and zinc concentrates

ndash The compounds of zinc copper arsenic silica antimony bismuth etc are deleterious impurities in lead metallurgy

ndash Compounds of lead copper arsenic bismuth iron silica etc are the deleterious impurities as far as zinc smelting is concerned

bull Smeltingndash Pyrometallurgical process

ndash Hydrometallurgical process17

Environmental ConcernLocation Impact

Mining Tailing water tail dumps creates water pollution

dust and gases during blasting transportation of

ores results in air pollution

Crushing grinding Fugitive emission solid and liquid effluents

tailings

Beneficiation Solid and liquid effluents tailings result in water

pollution

Roaster Dust gases acid mist fine zinc dust

Leaching plant Water pollution due to solid and liquid effluents

Electrolytic cell house Water pollution due to solid and liquid effluents

acid mist

Melting Dust and gases fine dust of heavy metals

Standard for SPM 150 mgNM3

Source VISWANATHAN PV et al 199818

Existing Standards for Aluminium IndustriesSl No Source Parameter Standards

(a) Alumina plant

(i) Raw material handling (Primary and

secondary crusher)

Particulate matter 150 mgNm3

(ii) Precipitation areas Calcination Particulate matter 250 mgNm3

Carbon monoxide 1 max

Stack height H=14 (Q)03 Where Q is emission rate of SO2

in kghr and H is stack height in meter

(b) Smelter plant

(i) Green anode shop Particulate matter 150 mgNm3

(ii) Anode bake oven Particulate matter 50 mgNm3

Total fluoride (F) 03 kgtonne of aluminium produced(iii) Pot room Particulate matter 150 mgNm3

Total fluoride For Soderberg

Technology

28 kgtonne by 31st December 2006

Total fluoride For Pre-baked

Technology


(c) Standards for forage fluoride Twelve consecutive months

average

40 ppm

Two consecutive months

average

60 ppm

One month average 80 ppm19

Proposed Standards for Aluminium Industries

Sl No Source Parameter Proposed standards

(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)




Stack height H=14 (Q)03 Where Q is emission rate of SO2 in

kghr and H is stack height in meter

(b) Smelter plant



Total fluoride (F) 001 kgtonne of green anode produced

Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)

0025 kgtonne of green anode produced

20

Continuehellip(iii) Pot room Particulate matter 50 mgNm3

Total fluoride For

Soderberg Technology

Pot lines with Soderberg Technology does

not exist now The EC for new pot lines to be

given only with pre-baked technology

Total fluoride For Pre-

baked Technology

03 kgtonne of Al produced

Fugitive fluoride emission 03 kgtonne of Al produced

(c) Standards for forage fluoride Twelve consecutive

months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm

One month average 80 ppm

(d) Fluoride consumption Fluoride 10 kgtonne of aluminum produced (as F)

(e) Discharge of effluent ------ No effluent shall be discharged outside the

premises

The existing aluminium manufacturing units shall achieve the limits whichever modified within a period of one year

from the date of notification of the standards

21

Standards for Copper Lead amp Zinc IndustriesPlant segment Parameters Plant capacity for 100

convertible concentration

of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit

1(a) Concentrator Particulate Matter ----- 100 mgNm3 75 mgNm3

1(b) Sulphur Dioxide Recovery

Unit

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Up to 300 tday

Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3

Acid Mist Sulphur Trioxide Up to 300 tday

Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note

1 Capacity in above stipulation means the installed capacity of Sulphuric Acid Plant

2 Scrubbing units shall have on-line pH meters with auto recording facility

3 Plant commissioned on or after the date of notification shall be termed as New Unit

4 The height of the Stack emitting Sulphur Dioxide or acid mist shall be a minimum of 30 metres or as per the formula H = 14(Q)03 (whichever

is more) where H is the height of stack in meters and Q is the maximum quantity of SO2 in kghr expected to be emitted through the

stack at 110 per cent rated capacity of the Tail Gas plant(s) and calculated as per the norms of gaseous emission

5 Tail Gas plants having more than one stream or unit of sulphuric acid at one location the combined capacity of all the streams or units shall

be taken into consideration for determining the stack height and applicability of emission standards

6 Tail Gas plants having separate stack for gaseous mission for the scrubbing unit the height of this stack shall be equal to main stack or 30

metres whichever is higher

2 LoadMass Based Standards Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Up to 300 tday

Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22

Air Quality Monitoring

bull On 1st July 2015 I visited ambient air quality monitoring station located at Pragati Maidan New Delhi

bull Under NAMP four air pollutants viz Sulphur Dioxide(SO2) Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2 and SuspendedParticulate Matter (SPM) and RSPMPM10 have beenidentified for regular monitoring at all the locations

bull The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours(4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourlysampling for particulate matter) with a frequency oftwice a week to have 104 observations in a year

bull National air quality standards given by CPCB Delhi hasbeen applied on these monitoring stations

23

Monitored ParametersS

No

Parameter Testing method Absorbing media Sampling

time in

Hours

1 Sulphur dioxide Modified West

amp Gaeke Method (IS 5182 Part 2

Method of Measurement of Air

Pollution Sulphur dioxide)

Potassium

tetrachloromercurate (TCM)

4

2 Nitrogen oxides as NO2 Modified Jacobs amp Hochheiser Method

(IS 5182 Part 6 Methods for

Measurement of Air Pollution Oxides

of nitrogen)

sodium hydroxide and sodium

arsenite

4

3 Ozone Method 411 Air Sampling and Analysis

3rd Edition (Determination of oxidizing

substances in the atmosphere)

(1 KI in 01 m Phosphate

Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No

Parameter Concentrati

on in

Ambient Air

1 Sulphur dioxide microgm3 10

2 Nitrogen dioxide microgm3 52

3 Ozone microgm3 18

These values were monitored at 4 hour interval for Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide and

averaging the values for 8 hours and 24 hours

values for Ozone were monitored at 1 hour interval

All the parameters monitored at ambient air monitoring station were within the limit it may be due to the monsoon season in Delhi during the monitoring period

25

Discussionbull For Aluminium Industries major concern is

Fluoride CPCB also included the fugitive fluorideemission limits in standards

bull For Copper Lead and Zinc Industries SO2 is amajor concern in CREP Report it is mandatory tocovert SO2 in to H2SO4

bull Standards of H2SO4 plant apply on these plants

bull Due to water scarcity Zero liquid dischargeconcept also included in these standards

26

References1 Annual Report 2013-14 Ministry of Mines Government of India

2 Indian Minerals Yearbook 2013 (Part- II Metals amp Alloys) 52nd Edition copper (advance release) Government of India

Ministry of mines Indian bureau of mines December 2014 5-21

3 Background Report AP-42 section 123 ldquoprimary copper smeltingrdquo US Environmental Protection Agency

OAQPSTSDEIB Research Triangle Park NC 27711

4 Nonferrous metal US EPA archive document September 1995

5 Annual Report 2013-14 Hindustan Copper Limited

6 AP 42 Fifth Edition Volume-I Chapter 12 Metallurgical Industry section- 123 primary copper smelting final section

October 1986

7 An overview of environmental issues and protection measures in Indian non-ferrous plants Viswanathan PV and Sankaran

C 1998 Environmental and Waste Management ISSN 0971-9407 pp 197-208

8 Copper Technology and Competitiveness September 1988 congress of the United states office of the technology and

assessment

9 Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook World bank group July 1998

10 Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries October 2014 joint research

centre European IPCC bureau

11 Market survey on lead amp zinc Mineral Economics Division Indian Bureau of mines Nagpur June 2011 market survey

series No MS-34

12 Indian Minerals Yearbook 2013 (Part- II Metals amp Alloys) 51st edition ldquolead and zinc (final release) Government of India

Ministry of mines Indian bureau of mines January 2014

13 Background Report on ldquoPrimary zinc smeltingrdquo AP-42 section 127 US Environmental Protection Agency


28

Contentbull Company Profile

bull Introduction

bull Production of Non-Ferrous Metals in India

bull Primary Copper Industriesndash Manufacturing Process


bull Primary Lead and Zinc Industriesndash Manufacturing process


bull Proposed Standards

bull Ambient Air Quality Monitoring2







3








4



Indiarsquos rank in

order of

quantum

of production

World

(during 2011)

India

(during 2011-

12)


Copper 19500 504 26 10th


Zinc (slab) 13000 783 60 3rd

5



2013-14

Aluminium NALCO

HINDALCO

VEDANTA GROUP

316492

618286

75355




17005

294433

332842


78364738000










7







chemical reagents

thickeners



quartz


sulphuric acid



siliceous flux




mercury and zinc









mercury and zinc




Electrolytic Copper

Refining





zinc

9



10







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28







3








4



Indiarsquos rank in

order of

quantum

of production

World

(during 2011)

India

(during 2011-

12)


Copper 19500 504 26 10th


Zinc (slab) 13000 783 60 3rd

5



2013-14

Aluminium NALCO

HINDALCO

VEDANTA GROUP

316492

618286

75355




17005

294433

332842


78364738000










7







chemical reagents

thickeners



quartz


sulphuric acid



siliceous flux




mercury and zinc









mercury and zinc




Electrolytic Copper

Refining





zinc

9



10







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28








4



Indiarsquos rank in

order of

quantum

of production

World

(during 2011)

India

(during 2011-

12)


Copper 19500 504 26 10th


Zinc (slab) 13000 783 60 3rd

5



2013-14

Aluminium NALCO

HINDALCO

VEDANTA GROUP

316492

618286

75355




17005

294433

332842


78364738000










7







chemical reagents

thickeners



quartz


sulphuric acid



siliceous flux




mercury and zinc









mercury and zinc




Electrolytic Copper

Refining





zinc

9



10







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28



Indiarsquos rank in

order of

quantum

of production

World

(during 2011)

India

(during 2011-

12)


Copper 19500 504 26 10th


Zinc (slab) 13000 783 60 3rd

5



2013-14

Aluminium NALCO

HINDALCO

VEDANTA GROUP

316492

618286

75355




17005

294433

332842


78364738000










7







chemical reagents

thickeners



quartz


sulphuric acid



siliceous flux




mercury and zinc









mercury and zinc




Electrolytic Copper

Refining





zinc

9



10







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28


2013-14

Aluminium NALCO

HINDALCO

VEDANTA GROUP

316492

618286

75355




17005

294433

332842


78364738000










7







chemical reagents

thickeners



quartz


sulphuric acid



siliceous flux




mercury and zinc









mercury and zinc




Electrolytic Copper

Refining





zinc

9



10







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28








7







chemical reagents

thickeners



quartz


sulphuric acid



siliceous flux




mercury and zinc









mercury and zinc




Electrolytic Copper

Refining





zinc

9



10







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28







chemical reagents

thickeners



quartz


sulphuric acid



siliceous flux




mercury and zinc









mercury and zinc




Electrolytic Copper

Refining





zinc

9



10







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28





chemical reagents

thickeners



quartz


sulphuric acid



siliceous flux




mercury and zinc









mercury and zinc




Electrolytic Copper

Refining





zinc

9



10







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28



10







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28







11






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28






12


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28


13







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28







14


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28


15






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28






16












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28












tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28






tailings


pollution




acid mist





(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28


(a) Alumina plant


secondary crusher)






(b) Smelter plant





Technology



Technology



average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28



(a) Alumina plant


secondary crushers)






(b) Smelter plant




Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH)


20


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28


Total fluoride For






baked Technology




months average

40 ppm


average

60 ppm




premises



21



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28



of sulphuric acid

Existing

unit

New

unit



Unit


Above 300 tday

1370 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

1250 mgNm3

950 mgNm3


Above 300 tday

90 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

70 mgNm3

50 mgNm3

Note












Above 300 tday

25 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

20 kgtonne

15 kgtonne22






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28






23


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28


No


time in

Hours





Potassium


4




of nitrogen)


arsenite

4





Buffer)

1

24

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28

ResultS

No


on in

Ambient Air



3 Ozone microgm3 18





25






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28






26









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28









October 1986




assessment





series No MS-34





28

28