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Confined Space
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Confined Space
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Confined Space
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Confined Space
Electrical Current Biological Effect• 1 mA threshold for feeling • 10-20 mA voluntary let-go of circuit impossible • 25 mA onset of muscular contractions • 50-200 mA ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest • E. A. Lacy, Handbook of Electronic Safety Procedures, Prentice- Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1977)
Ventricular Fibrillation
When the heart is in ventricular fibrillation, the musculature of the ventricles undergoes irregular, uncoordinated twitching resulting in no net blood flow. The condition proves fatal if not corrected in a very short space of time.
Normal
GFCI’s –1971 NEC
The GFCI operates by sensing the difference between the currents in the Hot and Neutral conductors. Under normal conditions, these should be equal. Will shut off at 5 mA in 1/40th of a second.
Panel Boxes• Must have covers• Three Feet clear space• No live parts over 50
volts• Circuit breaker has a
bimetallic strip and heat will caused it to trip
Trenching• Trench 5-6 feet deep. • Spoil at edge. • No access. • Four soil types
Fall Protection• Guardrails • Strength = • Top rail height = • Mid-rail height = • Wire rope/chain deflection of 2
inches
Fall Arrest Components• Definition• Body Harness• Energy Absorbing Lanyard• Anchorage• Max fall arrest is 1800 pounds• Anchorages are 5000 pounds
Covers• Hold twice the weight• Secured• Marked
Violation: 4' x 8' sheets of plywood covering a stairway opening to the basement of a house. Only four nails hold the two covers. The cover is not marked.
Scaffolds• OSHA 1926.451• Training specific for erectors and users. • Inspections before use• Fall protection required above 10 feet. • Suspended scaffolds need independent fall arrest from the scaffold
Scaffold Footing• Baseplates always required.• Mudsills needed if on earth.
Scaffold Planking• Scaffolds must be fully planked,
secured and overlapped.• Falling object protection
required.• Inspect planks for damage or
overloading.
Step Ladders• Used on stable surface• Not used as a ext. ladder• Inspected for defects• Never painted• Never used on a scaffold
Extension Ladder• 4:1 Pitch• 3’ extension above landing• No defects• Not near electrical• Secured from slipping• Capacity 1A = 300 pounds
Cranes• Four main causes of worker death and injury: • Electrocution, (CHST) • Crushed by parts of the equipment, • Struck-by the equipment/load, and • Falls. (See Subpart M 1926.500-503)
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Could you get within 20 feet of power line?
YES NO
Option #1 Deenergize & Ground
Encroachment Prevention measures
Option #3Ask Utility for Voltage and Use Table A (with minimum clearance distance)
Option #220 foot clearance
No further action
• Planning meeting• If tag lines used Non-conductive• Elevated warning lines, barricade or line of signs
• PLUS (Choose one):
• Proximity alarm, spotter, warning device, range limiter, or insulating link
Cranes
• 1926.1402 (c)(3)• Must ensure that ground preparations are safe• Must inform the user of the equipment and the
operator of the location of known hazards beneath the equipment set-up area (such as voids, tanks, utilities)
• If there is no controlling entity then the employer that has authority at the site to make or arrange for ground preparations must do so.
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Cranes• Shift = visual inspection for
apparent deficiencies
• Monthly = documented shift inspection
• Annual = comprehensive, every 12 months
Load Moment Indicator
• Load Moment Indicator tells the operator the weight the crane perceives that is being lifted. (CHST)
• It can tell length of boom extended and angle of the boom.
Anti-two Block• Anti-two block systems prevent events caused by unintentional
contact between the hook block and the crane sheaves (CHST)
Cranes
• 1926.1431 has extensive rules to follow when lifting people.
• It must be a last option. • Aerial lifts can often be used in
lieu of a personnel platform.
Note: A good operating practice is to keep sling angles from going below 60 degrees
1000 LBS 1000 LBS 1000 LBS 1000 LBS
500
LBS
500
LBS
577
LBS 577 LBS
707 L
BS
707 LBS
1000 LBS 1000 LBS
90 60° 45° 30°
Rigging SafetyProper calculation of increased tension caused by sling angles (on all rigging components!).
Rigging Safety• Know the rated capacity of slings
and hardware.
Rigging Safety• Allow for D/d ratio on all wire rope slings.
Wire Rope• 1926.251(c)(4)(iv)• Wire rope shall not be used if, in
any length of eight diameters, the total number of visible broken wires exceeds 10 percent of the total number of wires, or if the rope shows other signs of excessive wear, corrosion, or defect.
Rigging Safety• For 6-strand wire rope slings, 10
randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or five broken wires in one strand of one rope lay
• ASME B30.9
Many are going lower for broken wire
Respiratory Protection
• 1910.134
• Written program #2
• Medical evaluation #1
• Fit testing #3, #6
• Selection, Evaluation of
exposure #5
• Maintenance, Storage, and
Care #9
• Annual Training #8
• Program evaluation #10
• Beards #7Voluntary use App D - #4
Voluntary Use Requirements(Filtering facepiece only)
Appendix D only:• Read and Heed all instructions• Use approved respirators• Properly selected• Keep track of your respirator
Medical Evaluation Requirements• Evaluation completed prior to wearing respirator• Annually thereafter• Evaluation include information in Sections 1 and 2, Part 1
Of Appendix C• Conducted by a physician or licensed health care
professional
Fit Testing
Quantitative fit testing uses a machine to measure the actual amount of leakage into the face piece and does not rely upon your sense of taste, smell, or irritation in order to detect leakage
The fit test shall be administered using an OSHA-accepted QLFT or QNFT protocol.
Fit test not done before use. #6
Fit test not done annually #3
User Seal Check
Respirators
• Training must be provided prior to use, unless acceptable training has been provided by another employer within the past 12 months
• Retraining is required annually, and when:• changes in the workplace or type of respirator render previous
training obsolete• there are inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use• any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary
• The basic advisory information in Appendix D must be provided to employees who wear respirators when use is not required by this standard or by the employer
Respirators
Health Hazards ClassificationsHazard Class Hazard CategoryAcute Toxicity 1 2 3 4
Skin Corrosion/Irritation 1A 1B 1C 2
Serious Eye Damage/ Eye Irritation
1 2A 2B
Respiratory or Skin Sensitization 1
Germ Cell Mutagenicity 1A 1B 2
Carcinogenicity 1A 1B 2
Reproductive Toxicity 1A 1B 2 Lactation
STOT –Single Exposure 1 2 3
STOT – Repeated Exposure 1 2
Aspiration 1
Simple Asphyxiants Single Category
Physical HazardsHazard Class Hazard Category Explosives Unstable
Explosives Div 1.1 Div 1.2 Div 1.3 Div 1.4 Div 1.5 Div 1.6
Flammable Gases 1 2 Flammable Aerosols 1 2 Oxidizing Gases 1 Gases under Pressure Compressed Gases Liquefied Gases Refrigerated Liquefied Gases Dissolved Gases
1
Flammable Liquids 1 2 3 4 Self-Reactive Chemicals Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G Pyrophoric Liquids 1 Pyrophoric Solid 1 Pyrophoric Gases Single
category
Self-heating Chemicals 1 2 Chemicals, which in contact with water, emit flammable gases
1 2 3
Oxidizing Liquids 1 2 3 Oxidizing Solids 1 2 3 Organic Peroxides Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G Corrosive to Metals 1 Combustible Dusts Single
Category
(e) Program RequirementsWritten programList of all hazardous chemicalsAddresses non-routine tasksDiscusses other contractors responsibilitiesAvailable upon request to any employee or contractor
(f) Labels
Required Elements Product identifierSignal words Hazard statements Pictograms Precautionary statements Name, address, and telephone number of the chemical
manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party
A new Appendix C, Allocation of Label Elements, has been provided to indicate the label requirements by hazard class and category
Labels are to be updated within 6 months of getting new and significant information about the hazards, or ways to protect those exposed
Pictograms
(g) Safety Data Sheet Format 1. Identification of the substance or mixture and of the supplier2. Hazards identification3. Composition/information on ingredients 4. First-aid measures 5. Fire-fighting measures6. Accidental release measures7. Handling and storage8. Exposure controls/personal protection
9. Physical and chemical properties10. Stability and reactivity11. Toxicological information12. Ecological information
(non-mandatory)13. Disposal considerations
(non-mandatory)14. Transport information
(non-mandatory)15. Regulatory information
(non-mandatory)16. Other information, including date of preparation or last revision
Classification of Fires• Class A fires: trash, wood, paper or
other combustible materials as the fuel source.
• Class B fires: flammable or combustible liquids as the fuel source.
• Class C fires: involves electrical equipment.
• Class D fires: ignitable metals as a fuel source.
• Class K fires: cooking oils and grease, like animals fats and vegetable fats.
Fire triangle: everything a fire needs
Fire• 150 c 1 vi
• No extinguisher for 5 pounds of flammable gas or 5 gallons of flammable or combustible gas.
• 10B F.E. within 50 feet• Oxygen acetylene must be
separated ________ feet or by a ½ hour fire barrier.
Ethics
Routes of Entry
• Inhalation• Ingestion• Skin Absorption• Injection
Exposure Limits• Animal Studies• Epidemiological studies• Industrial Experience• STEL – 15 minutes• Ceiling – never
exceeded• Threshold Limit Value
Control of Health Hazards• Hierarchy of
Controls• Engineering • Substitution• Work practices • Administrative• Personal
protective equipment
REMEMBER!• The aforementioned
applies to overexposures above 90 dBA TWA (Time-Weighted-Average)
Lead• Many bridges have lead coated
surfaces• Requires compliance with
1926.62• Overexposure can occur in less
than 5 minutes when torch cutting or painting
• PEL – 50 mcg/m3 Lead coating of bridge beams usually requires an enclosure
Silica• Cutting, hammering, drilling,
blasting can create high silica levels
• Use wet methods and wear respirators
• One of the oldest occupational diseases
• New PEL 50 mcg/m3Tuckpointing has one of the highest silica
generating process in construction
Silica• Cutting, hammering, drilling,
blasting can create high silica levels
• Use wet methods and wear respirators
• One of the oldest occupational diseases
• New PEL 50 mcg/m3Tuckpointing has one of the highest silica
generating process in construction
Carbon Monoxide• Generators are most
common problem of CO
• Heaters out of tune are another cause
• CO PEL is 50 ppm• Others set levels 25
ppm
Asbestos• Where is it found?• OSHA 0.1f/cc• EPA-recommended clearance criteria
for reoccupancy into work area following asbestos abatement, often cited as 0.01 f/cc.
Asbestos
Heat Stress• Train the workforce • Perform the heaviest work in the
coolest part of the day• Slowly build up tolerance to the heat
and the work activity (usually takes up to two weeks)
• Drink plenty of cool water (one cup every 15-20 minutes)
• Wear light, loose-fitting, breathable (cotton) clothing
• Heat Stoke worst• Heat exhaustion, heat cramps,
dehydration
Take frequent short breaks in cool or shaded areas
Provide fans
Raynaud’s• Raynaud's phenomenon is
characterized by a pale to blue to red sequence of color changes of the digits, most commonly after exposure to cold.
Heinrich• 300-29-1 ratio between near-
miss incidents, minor injuries, and major injuries
• 88 percent of all near misses and workplace injuries resulted from unsafe acts. (old thinking)
Management Leadership • Committed managers • set the philosophy towards safety and
health, • focus the efforts, • lead the charge, • engage the employees in the entire process,
and • visibly demonstrate their role via active
participation.
Job Safety Analysis
Safety Committee VPP• XXX’s Glove Guidelines were created as a result of a safety committee meeting.• They realized the need for a more versatile glove. • The gloves XXX’s provided at the time were uncomfortable. Nor were those gloves adequate for
multi-purpose use. • The committee members researched numerous types and styles of gloves, and piloted several
gloves researched.
• Outcome: Increased glove usage dramatically. XXX’s employees owned the new gloves, as they were responsible for the change.
• The change in gloves has also had an immediate impact on company hand injuries.
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The $12.70 is for one trade. Hazardous trades will pay more.
Root Cause• Event Date: 01/27/2009 • On January 27, 2009, Gerald Holland was
walking across an aircraft hanger to exit the building for lunch.
• Ice and sleet had been blowing through gaps in the hanger doors, creating slippery conditions on the adjacent floor.
• Gerald slipped and fell, striking his head on the concrete floor. He was hospitalized for severe head trauma and later died.
General Duty Clause• Process Safety• Combustible Dust• Ergonomics• Workplace Violence • New chemicals (not listed on Z
tables)• Lower Chemicals• Arc Flash – Arc Blast• Heat Illness• Fall Protection
• “We are pleased that Fiberdome agreed to adopt the industry recognized 50-ppm (parts per million) limit and believe that all responsible and safety conscious employers who use styrene should consider doing the same thing.
• Aug 2014
Questions?
