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1) DIFFERENTIATION
2) ANAPLASIA
3) RATE OF GROWTH
4) LOCAL INVASION
5) METASTASIS
1. Differentiation: Resemblance to cell of origin.
… Benign Tumours - well-differentiated,
… Malignant Tumours –
Well-differentiated
Moderately differentiated
Poorly / undifferentiated (Anaplasia)
Characteristics of Benign VS Malignant Tumours:
Well-differentiated
Adenocarcinoma
2. ANAPLASIA : (To form backwards),
- Lack of differentiation,
- Pleomorphism - Variation in size & shape,
- Mitoses (abnormal : Tripolar, Multi-polar)
- Hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli,
- N : C = 1 : 1, ( Normal - 1 : 4 or 1: 6),
- Tumor giant cells,
- Loss of polarity,
- Ischemic necrosis;
Anaplastic carcinoma
Characteristics of Benignand Malignant Tumors:
Benign - Slow,
Malignant - Rapid,
Correlates with level of differentiation,
Properties of cancer cellsThey keep growing
And growing
And growing
And growing
Characteristics of Benignand Malignant Tumours:
4. Local Invasion:
Benign
= Cohesive expansive growth,
= Encapsulation,
= No invasion
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumours:
Local Invasion:…..,
Malignant
= Infiltrative growth,
= Poorly demarcated borders,
= Destruction of
surrounding
tissue;
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors:
Characteristics of Benign VS Malignant Tumors:
4. Metastasis:
Metastasis is the development of secondary deposits
of a tumor in a distant site
Considered the hallmark of malignancy
Some types of cancer metastasize more readily than
others
Metastasis
4. Metastasis:
* Benign -- Nil;
Malignant -- present;
(.. Exceptions - Gliomas,
- Basal cell carcinoma)
Metastasis:…………., FACTS :
Rapidly growing !!
Larger than primary tumor !!
30% metastasis + at the time of diagnosis !!
1. Seeding of body cavities:
( Transceolomic spread )
2. Lymphatic spread:
Carcinomas,
3. Hematogenous spread:
Sarcomas,
4. Direct Transplantation:
By Ca. Stomach, Pancreas, Colon and Breast
To both the ovaries: Kruckenbergs tumor
Ovaries become large, but retain the shape
Slow growing,
capsulated,
Non-invasive
do not metastasize,
well differentiated,
suffix “oma” eg. Fibroma.
Fast growing,
non capsulated,
Invasive & Infiltrate
Metastasize.
poorly differentiated,
Suffix “Carcinoma” or “Sarcoma”
Any Questions?