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DISEASES OF SALIVARY GLAND
NUR AINA BINTI AB KADIR
INTRODUCTION Anatomy of salivary gland Non-neoplastic Neoplastic
PAROTID GLAND the
sternocleidomastoid muscle behind;
the ramus of mandible in front;
superiorly, the base of the trench is formed by the external acoustic meatus and the posterior aspect of the zygomatic arch.
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND elongate
submandibular glands are smaller than the parotid glands, but larger than the sublingual glands.
Each is hook shaped
SUBLINGUAL GLAND Smallest Each is almond
shape Lateral to the
submandibular duct and associated lingual nerve in the floor of the oral cavity
INNERVATIONS
NON-NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS
Mumps (viral parotitis)
Acute suppurative
parotitis
Chronic recurrent
sialadenitis
Sialectasis
Granulomatous disease
Salivary calculi
Sjogren’s syndrome
Paramyxovirus Droplets
infection, fomities Children IP: 2-3 weeks(7-
23 days) Excreted through:
salivary, nasal and urinary
Orchitis Ophritis Pancreatitis Aseptic meningitis Unilateral
sensorineural hearing loss
Thyroiditis, myocarditis, nephritis, arthritis
COMPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
MUMPS (VIRAL PAROTITIS)CLINICAL FEATURES
Fever(103’F) Malaise Anorexia muscular pain Unilateral parotid
swelling Other gland also Subside- 1 week
Serum, urinary amylase- 1 week
Serology IgG,IgM: ASAP, after
10-14 days of illness IgG : past exposure,
rise more than 4x recent infection(presence of IgM)
IgM : day 5(100%)
• Proper hydration• Rest• Analgesics• Cold/hot
compresses• Avoid food:
encourages salivary flow
TREATMENT
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Maternal immunity- 1 year
MMR vaccine: 15 months
Older children, adolescents, adults: monoclonal mumps/MMR vaccine
INTRODUCTIONS Elderly,
debilitated, dehydrated patient
Predisposing factor: dry mouth
Staphy. Aureus Route: from
mouth Stensen’s duct(SD)
CLINICAL FEATURES Sudden onset Severe pain Enlargement of
gland Movements of
jaw- pain Opening of the
SD swollen,red, discharging pus
Febrile, toxaemic
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE PAROTITIS
WBC: leucocytosis+ increase in polymorphs
Blood culture Pus collection
Appropriate antibiotics
Adequate hydration
Measures to promote salivary flow
Oral hygiene Surgical drainage
TREATMENTS
INVESTIGATIONS
parotid gland recurrent bacterial infection
Acute: enlarged, tender, pus
Between acute episodes: firm, slightly enlarged
Culture: staph/strep
Sialography: normal duct system
TREATMENT: Similar to ABS Between attacks:
keep good oral hygiene, avoid drugs which dry oral mucosa
sialogogues: promote salivation
CHRONIC RECURRENT SIALADENITIS
Dilatation of the ductal system stasis of secretions infection
Clinically: ~ CRS sialography
Different degrees: Punctuate,
globular, cavitary
May be Congenital Granulomatous
disease Autoimmune
disease (Sjogren’s syndrome)
SIALECTASIS
Tuberculosis •Parenchyma/LN, non tender mass•Overlying skin undergoes necrosisfistula•Surgical excision, ATT
Sarcoidosis •Uveoparotid fever•Fever, enlargement of the parotid&lacrimal gland, chorioretinitis, cranial nerve palsies
Actino-mycosis •Uncommon, acute abscess with sinus formation discharging sulfur-like granule/indolent swelling•Surgical drainage, large doses of penicillin/tetracycline
GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE
Forms in the ducts of SM/ parotid
Deposition of calcium phosphate on the organic matrix of mucin or cellular debris
Ducts/parenchyma TREATMENT
Peripheral: removes intaorally
Hilum/parenchyma: excision of the gland
Intermittent swelling
Pain Stone:visible/
palpated 80%(radio-
opaque): X-rays Radiolucent:
sialography
SALIVARY CALCULICLINICAL FEATURES
Xerostomia Xeropthalmia Involvement:
salivary(P), lacrimal glands
Both sexes -equal Aka
Benign lymphoepithelial lesion of parotid
Mikulicz’s disease
Keratoconjuctivitis sicca (lacrimal gland)
Xerostomia(salivary, minor mucous gland of oral cavity)
Autoimmune CT disorder
Bilateral swelling 90%: female
SJOGREN’S SYNDROME(SICCA SYNDROME)
PRIMARY SECONDARY
DIAGNOSISHistory, physical
examinationSchirmer’s testBiopsy of lower
lipSS-A and SS-B
antibodies : DIAGNOSIS
Raised ESRPositive
rheumatoid factor & antinuclear antibodies
Epithelial or mesenchymal tissues Higher in larger size of glandsbenign 80% in parotid, 50-60% in
submandibular and 25% in minor salivary glands
Malignant features : rapid growth, restricted mobility, fixity of overlying skin, pain and facial nerve involvement
NEOPLASM OF SALIVARY GLAND
BENIGN TUMOURS
PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA Most common P,SM, other minor
SG P: tail Slow-growing
tumour, quite large initially
3rd/4th decade of life
Female “mixed tumor”
Stroma: mucoid, fibroid,vascular, myxochondroid/ chondroid
TREATMENT Surgical excision+
normal gland tissue
Parotid: superficial parotidectomy
ADENOLYMPHOMA (PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA LYMPHOMATOSUM,
WARTHIN TUMOUR) 5th-7th decade Male:female (5:1) Tail of parotid Bilateral- 10% Multiple Rounded,
encapsulated tumor, at times cystic, mucoid/brownish fluid
Histologically: epithelial, lymphoid
TREATMENT: Superficial
parotidectomy
ONCOCYTOMA(OXYPHIL ADENOMA)
Acidophilic cells (oncocytes)
<1% of all SG tumour
Elderly Not grow>5cm Superficial lobe of
P Benign: cystic Malignant also
seen
Increased uptake of technetium-99
TREATMENT Superficial
parotidectomy
HEMANGIOMAS Most common benign
tumor in children Females Discovered at birth Grows rapidly in the
neonatal period, involute spontaneously
50%: coexist with cutaneous hemangiomas
Soft,painless increase in size with crying/straining
Overlying skin: bluish discoloration
Not regress spontaneously surgical excision
LYMPHANGIOMAS Less common May involve P &
SM Soft, cystic Not regress
spontaneously surgical excision
Rare: lipoma, neurofibroma
MALIGNANT TUMOUR
MUCOEPIDERMOID Slow growing but
can invade facial nerve
Histologically: area of mucin-producing cells, squamous cells
Behaviour: Minor SG: akin to
adenoid cystic carcinoma
Major SG: pleomorphic adenoma
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA (CYLINDROMA)
Slow growing Infiltrates widely into
the tissue planes and muscles
Also: perineural spaces, lypmphatics pain and VII nerve paralysis
Metastases: lymh nodes Distant: lung, brain,
bone Local recurrences after
surgical is common, as late as 10-20 years
TREATMENT: Radical
parotidectomy +largest cuff of grossly normal tissue around the boundaries
Radical neck not done unless nodal metastases
Postoperative radiation: margin of resected specimen are not free of tumour
ACINIC CELL CARCINOMA Low grade tumor Similar to a
benign mixed tumour
Small, firm, movable, encapsulated tumor, sometimes bilateral
Metastases: RARE
Conservative approach of superficial/total parotidectomy is adopted
ADENOCARCINOMA Minor SG Highly aggressive
locally Distant
metastases
MALIGNANT MIXED TUMOUR Carcinoma
developing in pre-existing benign mixed tumor
A “de-novo” tumour Shorter history Rapid growth, pain
developing in benign tumour malignant
TREATMENT Radical
parotidectomy Facial nerve
sacrificed grafted immediately
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Rapidly growing
tumour Infiltratespain,
ulcerates through skin Metastasize to neck
nodes Radical parotidectomy
+ cuff of muscle,a portion of mandible, temporal bone, involved skin
+ radical neck: nodal metastases
Followed by postoperative radiation to primary site& the neck
UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA Rare Aggressive Tendency to
spread rapidly Pain Fixed to skin,
ulcerates
Facial paralysis Cervical node
metastases
TREATMENT Wide excision Radical neck Post-operative
radiation
Rare Systemic disease May occasionally
be a primary tumour
TREATMENT: Same with other
lymphomas
Rarely other sarcomas Rhabdomyosarco
ma may arise from the parotid
SARCOMALYMPHOMA
FREY’S SYNDROME(GUSTATORY SWEATING
Complication of parotid surgery several months after surgery
Sweating, flushing of the preauricular skin during mastication-social embarrassment
d/t: aberrant innervation of sweat glands by parasympathetic secretomotor fibres- destined for the P
TREATMENT: Reassurance Tympanic neurectomy
which intercepts these PS fibres at the level of middle ear
Place sheet of fascia lata between the skin & the underlying fat, to prevent secretomotor fibers reaching the sweat gland
SC infiltration of botulinum toxin
DISEASES OF EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT & HEAD AND NECK SURGERY BY PL DHINGRA, 6TH EDITION, PAGE 231-236
GRAY’S ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS, BY RICHARD L DRAKE, 3YH EDITION
REFERENCES