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BEST PRACTICES TO AVOID PLAGIARISM AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT BY: DARIN KLEMCHUK

Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

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Page 1: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

BEST PRACTICES TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

BY:

DARIN KLEMCHUK

Page 2: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism    v.    

Copyright  Infringement  

Plagiarism   Copyright  Infringement  

   

School  Essay  

 

   

Lawsuit  $    

Page 3: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism    v.    

Copyright  Infringement  

Image  taken  from  http://dearauthor.com/features/letters-­‐of-­‐opinion/fan-­‐fiction-­‐plagiarism-­‐and-­‐copyright/,  Jane  Litte,  March  18,  2012.  

Page 4: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

* What  can  be  plagiarized?  

* Words  

*  Images  

*  Ideas    

* Music  

Plagiarism  

Page 5: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism  

•  Properly  cite  sources  •  Use  quotation  marks,  when  

appropriate  

Do’s   Don’ts  

•  Assume  that  a  client  provides  you  with  an  original  work  

•  Self-­‐plagiarize  

Page 6: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

*  What  can  be  protected?  *  Any  work  of  authorship  fixed  in  a  tangible  medium  

*  Examples:  works  of  art,  books,  computer  programs,  manuals,  audio-­‐visual  works,  jewelry,  fabric  designs,  architectural  works  

Copyrights  

Page 7: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

*  35  U.S.C.  §106  Exclusive  rights  in  copyrighted  works  Subject  to  sections  107  through  122,  the  owner  of  copyright  under  this  title  has  the  exclusive  rights  to  do  and  to  authorize  any  of  the  following:  

*  (1)  to  reproduce  the  copyrighted  work  in  copies  or  phonorecords;  

*  (2)  to  prepare  derivative  works  based  upon  the  copyrighted  work;  

*  (3)  to  distribute  copies  or  phonorecords  of  the  copyrighted  work  to  the  public  by  sale  or  other  transfer  of  ownership,  or  by  rental,  lease,  or  lending;  

*  (4)  in  the  case  of  literary,  musical,  dramatic,  and  choreographic  works,  pantomimes,  and  motion  pictures  and  other  audiovisual  works,  to  perform  the  copyrighted  work  publicly;  

*  (5)  in  the  case  of  literary,  musical,  dramatic,  and  choreographic  works,  pantomimes,  and  pictorial,  graphic,  or  sculptural  works,  including  the  individual  images  of  a  motion  picture  or  other  audiovisual  work,  to  display  the  copyrighted  work  publicly;  and  

*  (6)  in  the  case  of  sound  recordings,  to  perform  the  copyrighted  work  publicly  by  means  of  a  digital  audio  transmission.  

Rights  in  Copyrighted  Works  

Page 8: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Copyright  Misconceptions  

*  Changing  10%  of  a  work  (the  “10%  Rule”)  will  avoid  infringing  the  work.  

*  Admission  of   not   owning   a   copyright   in   an   accused  work   (i.e.   “This   is   the  work   of   …”)   prohibits   me   from   being   found   liable   for   copyright  infringement.  

 *  I  have  to  use  the  copyright  symbol,  ©,  or  I  will  lose  protection.    

*  I  will  acquire  copyright  protection  by  mailing  a  copy  of  my  work  to  myself.  

*  Registration  with  the  U.S.  Copyright  Office  is  required  to  own  a  copyright.  

http://nymanip.com/2016/04/07/5-­‐copyright-­‐myths-­‐simply-­‐arent-­‐true/,  Scott  Nyman  IP,  April  7,  2016.  

Page 9: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Copyright  Infringement  Jury  Instructions  

•  Anyone   who   copies   original   elements   of   a   copyrighted   work   during   the   term   of   the  copyright  without  the  owner’s  permission  infringes  the  copyright.  

•  On  the  plaintiff’s  copyright  infringement  claim,  the  plaintiff  has  the  burden  of  proving  both  of  the  following  by  a  preponderance  of  the  evidence:  

 1.  the  plaintiff  is  the  owner  of  a  valid  copyright;  and  

 2.  the  defendant  copied  original  elements  from  the  copyrighted  work.    •  If  you  find  that  the  plaintiff  has  proved  both  of  these  elements,  your  verdict  should  be  for  

the  plaintiff.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  plaintiff  has  failed  to  prove  either  of  these  elements,  your  verdict  should  be  for  the  defendant.    

   

Page 10: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Copyright  Contributory  Infringement  Jury  Instructions  

•  A  defendant  may  be  liable  for  copyright  infringement  engaged  in  by  another  if  [he]  [she]  [it  ]  knew  or  had  reason  to  know  of  the  infringing  activity  and  intentionally  [induces]  [materially  contributes  to]  that  infringing  activity.  

•  If   you   find   that   [name   of   direct   infringer]   infringed   the   plaintiff’s   copyright   in   [allegedly  infringed   work],   you   may   proceed   to   consider   the   plaintiff’s   claim   that   the   defendant  contributorily   infringed   that   copyright.   To  prove   copyright   infringement,   the  plaintiff  must  prove  both  of  the  following  elements  by  a  preponderance  of  the  evidence:  

1.  the  defendant  knew  or  had  reason  to  known  of  the  infringing      activity  of  [name  of  direct  infringer];  and  

2.  the  defendant  intentionally  [induced]  [materially  contributed  to]      [name  of  direct  infringer’s]  infringing  activity.  

Page 11: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Copyright  Contributory  Infringement  Jury  Instructions  

•  If  you  find  that  [name  of  direct  infringer]  infringed  the  plaintiff’s  copyright  and  you  also  find  that  the  plaintiff  has  proved  both  of  these  elements,  your  verdict  should  be  for  the  plaintiff.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  plaintiff  has  failed  to  prove  either  or  both  of  these  elements,  your  verdict  should  be  for  the  defendant.  

 

Page 12: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Copyright  Infringement  Penalties  

•  Go  to  jail.  •  Pay  court  and  attorneys  fees.  •  Impound  and  dispose  of  infringing  works.  •  Pay  fine  for  each  work  that  was  infringed.  •  Injunction  issued  to  cease  infringing  activity.  

 

Page 13: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism    and/or    

Copyright  Infringement?  

*  Which  is  it?  1.  Publishing   or   copying   William   Shakespeare’s   Romeo   and    

 Juliet  under    your  own  name.  

2.  Publishing  The  Hunger  Games   by  Suzanne  Collins  under  her  name  and  without  permission.  

3.  Uploading  a  YouTube  video  of  yourself  where  thousands  of  viewers   watch   you   sing   a   cover   of   Justin   Beiber’s   Love  Yourself  (you  credit  Beiber  with  being  the  original  artist).  

 

Page 14: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Public  Domain  

*  All   works   will   eventually   end   up   in   the   public   domain   and   lack  copyright  protection.  

*  Works  published  in  the  United  States  prior  to  1923  are  in  the  public  domain.  

*  Copyrighted  works   published   in   the   United   States   from   1924-­‐1978  are  in  the  public  domain  for  95  years  from  the  publication  date.  

*  Copyrighted  works  published   in  the  United  States  after  1979  are   in  the   public   domain   for   the   life   of   the   author   plus   70   years.     For  companies   or   work   made   for   hire,   the   works   are   in   the   public  domain   the  shorter  of  95  years   from  publication  or   120  years   from  creation.  

Page 15: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Fair  Use  Factors  

*  In   a   nutshell,   fair   use   concerns   commentary   and   criticism,   or  parody.  

*  17  U.S.C.  §107  Limitations  on  exclusive  rights:  Fair  use  

(1)  the  purpose  and  character  of  the  use,  including  whether  such  use  is  of  a  commercial  nature  or  is  for  nonprofit  educational  purposes;  

(2)  the  nature  of  the  copyrighted  work;  

(3)   the   amount   and   substantiality   of   the   portion   used   in   relation   to   the  copyrighted  work  as  a  whole;  and  

(4)   the   effect   of   the   use   upon   the   potential  market   for   or   value   of   the  copyrighted  work.  

*  The  fact  that  a  work  is  unpublished  shall  not  itself  bar  a  finding  of  fair  use  if  such  finding  is  made  upon  consideration  of  all  the  above  factors.  

Page 16: Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism

Darin  M.  Klemchuk  Managing  Partner  

[email protected]  

Thank  You!