Education at a Glance 2011

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Key findings from the 2011 edition of

Education at a GlanceUnited States

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

September 13, 2011

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Unabated educational expansion

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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States

A world of change – higher education

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0

5,000.0

10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

1995

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

ertia

ry le

vel (

USD

)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate

Graduate supply

Cost

per

stu

dent


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0

5,000.0

10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

1995

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

ertia

ry le

vel (

USD

)


Graduate supply

Cost

per

stu

dent United States

Finland

Japan

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0

5,000.0

10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

2000

Expe

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per

stud

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at t

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vel (

USD

)


United Kingdom

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0

5,000.0

10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

2001

Expe

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per

stud

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USD

)


Australia

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0

5,000.0

10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

2002

Expe

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per

stud

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at t

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vel (

USD

)


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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0

5,000.0

10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

2003

Expe

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per

stud

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vel (

USD

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15,000.0

20,000.0

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30,000.0

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USD

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10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

2005

Expe

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per

stud

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vel (

USD

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10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

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30,000.0

2006

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per

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USD

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per

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USD

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10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

2008 Ex

pend

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r st

uden

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ter

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leve

l (U

SD)


Finland

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5,000.0

10,000.0

15,000.0

20,000.0

25,000.0

30,000.0

2008 Ex

pend

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leve

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SD)


United States

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The composition of the global talent pool has changed…Countries’ share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-old age groups,

percentage (2009)

55-64-year-old population 25-34-year-old population

About 39 million people who attained tertiary level

About 81 million people who attained tertiary level

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EAG 2011: chart A4.2OK

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United States, 35.8

Japan, 12.4

China, 6.9Germany, 6.3

United Kingdom, 5.3

Canada, 4.2

France, 3.5

Brazil, 3.5

Spain, 2.1Italy, 1.9

Mexico, 1.8

Australia, 1.7

Korea, 1.6other, 12.9

55-64-year-old population

United States, 20.5

Japan, 10.9

China, 18.3

Germany, 3.1United Kingdom, 4.4

Canada, 3.1France, 4.1

Brazil, 4.5

Spain, 3.5

Italy, 2.0

Mexico, 3.9

Australia, 1.6

Korea, 5.7

other, 14.5

25-34-year-old population

The composition of the global talent pool has changed…

Countries’ share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-old age groups, percentage (2009)

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…and will continue to changeShare of new entrants into tertiary education in 2009 (all OECD and G20 countries)

China, 36.6%

United States, 12.9%

Russian Federa-tion, 10.0%

Indonesia, 4.9%Japan, 4.2%Turkey, 3.7%

United Kingdom, 3.3%

Mexico, 3.1%Korea, 3.1%

Argentina, 2.7%Germany, 2.5%

Poland, 2.1%

Spain, 1.6%Italy, 1.4%

Australia, 1.3%Chile, 1.3%

Netherlands, 0.5%

Other countries, 4.8%

OtherPortugal 0.5%Czech Republic 0.4%Israel 0.4%Sweden 0.4%Belgium 0.4%Hungary 0.4%Austria 0.4%New Zealand 0.3%Switzerland 0.3%Slovak Republic 0.3%Denmark 0.2%Norway 0.2%Ireland 0.2%Finland 0.2%Slovenia 0.1%Estonia 0.1%Iceland 0.0%

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EAG 2011: Chart A1.4OK

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…as also visible in the current output of schoolsShare of upper secondary graduates in 2009

(all OECD and G20 countries)

China, 42.6%

United States, 9.9%

Brazil, 7.3%

Indonesia, 6.1%

Russian Federation, 5.2%Japan, 3.4%

Mexico, 2.8%

France, 2.8%

Germany, 2.5%

United Kingdom,

2.2%

Korea, 1.7%

Turkey, 1.6%

Italy, 1.5%

Poland, 1.4%

Canada, 1.1%

Spain, 1.0%

Australia, 1.0%

Argentina, 0.9%

Nether-lands, 0.7%

Chile, 0.6%

Other countries,

3.8%

OtherBelgium 0.4%Portugal 0.4%Czech Republic 0.3%Hungary 0.3%Israel 0.3%Sweden 0.3%Austria 0.3%Switzerland 0.2%Slovak Republic 0.2%Finland 0.2%Norway 0.2%New Zealand 0.2%Denmark 0.2%Ireland 0.2%Slovenia 0.1%Estonia 0.0%Iceland 0.0%Luxembourg 0.0%

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EAG 2011: Chart A1.4OK

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The increase in the number of knowledge workers has not led to a decrease in their pay

…which is what happened to low-skilled workers

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DenmarkSweden

TurkeyNew Zealand

NorwaySpain

AustraliaNetherlands

BelgiumFinland

JapanFrance

GermanyAustria

OECD AverageCanada

United KingdomPoland

SloveniaHungary

Czech RepublicIreland

KoreaItaly

United StatesPortugal

-400,000 -200,000 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 55,946

62,481 64,177

74,457 92,320

95,320 100,520

112,928 115,464

135,515 143,018

144,133 147,769

173,522 175,067

175,670 207,653

215,125 225,663 230,098

240,449 253,947

300,868 311,966

323,808 373,851

Foregone earnings Income tax effect Social contribution effect Transfers effect Grosss earnings benefits

Unemployment effect Net Present value

USD equivalentC hart A9.3

Components of the private net present value for a man with higher education (2007 or latest available year)

Net present value in USD equ.

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EAG 2011: chart A9.3OKEAG 2010: Data updated but for female instead of male (as in EAG 2010)

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Net income in USD for 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary education (2009 or latest year available)

Luxe

mbo

urg

Uni

ted

Stat

esAu

stria

Irel

and

Net

herla

nds

Aust

ralia

Uni

ted

King

dom

Cana

daKo

rea

Nor

way

Ger

man

yIta

lySw

eden

OEC

D A

vera

geCz

ech

Repu

blic

New

Zea

land

Den

mar

kFi

nlan

dIc

elan

dFr

ance

Belg

ium

Spai

nIs

rael

Slov

enia

Port

ugal

Gre

ece

Slov

ak R

epub

licH

unga

ryPo

land

Esto

nia

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Net income (Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted)

Chart A10.4

USD

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Taxpayers are getting a good return too

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TurkeyDenmark

SpainSweden

New ZealandNorwayFranceJapan

CanadaCzech Republic

ItalyAustralia

IrelandKorea

PortugalAustria

OECD AveragePoland

NetherlandsUnited Kingdom

FinlandSloveniaHungaryBelgium

GermanyUnited States

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

21,724

28,621

29,58237,542

46,482

43,41963,701

67,411

79,77481,307

82,93284,532

85,91789,034

89,46489,705

91,036

94,12595,030

95,322

100,177155,664

166,872167,241

168,649

193,584

Public benefits Public costs

Chart A9.5 In equivalent USD

Public cost and benefits for a man obtaining tertiary education (2007 or latest available year)

Net present value

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EAG 2011: chart A9.5 (tertiary)OK

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The crisis hit the least educated hardest

The unemployment rate for 15-29 year-olds increased,

on average, from 10.2% to 13.5%Lack of relevant skills/experience brings higher

unemployment risk for recent entrants to the labour force

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When the crisis hitPercentage-point change between 2008-09 in unemployment rate for 15-29 year-olds

NorwayNetherlandsSwitzerland

LuxembourgUnited Kingdom

AustriaKorea

New ZealandAustralia

MexicoDenmark

Czech RepublicSlovenia

ItalyJapan

SwedenBelgium

OECD averageFrance

BrazilPoland

ChileGermany

IsraelFinlandCanada

PortugalHungary

GreeceUnited States

Slovak RepublicIrelandTurkeyEstonia

Spain

- 10 20 30 40 C3.1

NorwayNetherlandsSwitzerland

LuxembourgUnited Kingdom

AustriaKorea

New ZealandAustralia

MexicoDenmark

Czech RepublicSlovenia

ItalyJapan

SwedenBelgium

OECD averageFrance

BrazilPoland

ChileGermany

IsraelFinlandCanada

PortugalHungary

GreeceUnited States

Slovak RepublicIrelandTurkeyEstonia

Spain

- 10 20 30 40

Tertiary education (%) Below upper secondary education (%)

2008 2009

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EAG 2011: use chart A7.2 insteadOKEAG 2010: new slide: Chart C3.1 This chart is based on a quick survey to gather data on 2009. Lower educated substantially more vulnerable than higher educated...

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Who pays for what, when and how?

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This chart does not take into account grants,

subsidies or loans that partially or fully offset

the students’ tuition fees

Average annual tuition fees charged by tertiary-type A public institutions for full-time national students (academic year 2008-

09)

Portugal (84%, 10 373), Italy (50%, 9 556),Spain (46%, 13 928),

Czech Republic (59%, 8 738), Denmark (55%, 17 634), Finland (69%, 15 402), Ireland (51%, 16 284), Iceland (77%, 10 429), Mexico (35%, 7 504), Norway (77%, 18 942), Sweden (68%, 20 864)

Canada (m, 24 384)

New Zealand (78%, 11 125)

Japan (49%, 16 533), Australia (94%, 16 297),

Netherlands (63%, 17 245)

United Kingdom1 (61%, 15 314)

Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (m, m)France (m, 14 945)

0

500

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

USD

Chart B5.2

1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most students are enrolled in government-dependent private institutions.

United States (70%, 29 910)6000

Korea (71%, 10 109)

Austria (54%, 15 081), Switzerland (41%, 23 284)

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EAG 2011: chart B5.2OK

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Average tuition fees and proportion of students who benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants

Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008/09, national full-time students

0 25 50 75 1000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

United States

Japan

Australia

New Zealand

NetherlandsItaly

SpainAustria

Belgium (Fl.)Belgium (Fr.)

France

Switzerland

Finland

Norway

DanemarkSweden

IcelandMexico

Chart B5.1 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR sholarships/grants

Aver

age

tuiti

on fe

es ch

arge

d by

pub

lic in

stitu

tions

in U

SD

Group 1:No (or low) financial barriers

for tertiary studies due to tuition fees and still a high level

of student aid.

Group 2:Potentially high financial barriers

for entry to tertiary-type A education, but also large public

subsidies to students.

Group 3:Extensive and broadly uniform cost

sharing across students, student support systems somewhat less

developed.

Group 4:Relatively low financial barriers to

entry to tertiary education and relatively low subsidies

Bubble size shows graduation rates

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Rech_G24/08/2011EAG 2011: chart B5.1OK

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Switz

erla

ndSp

ain

Den

mar

kBe

lgiu

m (F

l.)Po

rtug

alBe

lgiu

m (F

r.)

Ger

man

yG

reec

eN

ethe

rland

sIr

elan

dAu

stria

Japa

nN

orw

ayAu

stra

liaFr

ance

Uni

ted

King

dom

Kore

aU

nite

d St

ates

Icel

and

Italy

New

Zea

land

Finl

and

Slov

enia

Isra

elCz

ech

Repu

blic

Pola

ndH

unga

ryTu

rkey

Esto

nia

Chile

-4,000

-2,000

0

2,000

4,000

Contribution of teachers' salaryContribution of instruction timeContribution of teaching timeContribution of estimated class sizeDifference with OECD average

Chart B7.1

In equivalent USD using PPPs

Contribution (in USD) of various factors to salary cost per upper secondary student (2008)

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EAG 2011: chart B7.1OK

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Relationships between performance in science and total science learning time (PISA 2006)

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0350

400

450

500

550

600

Russian Federation

Greece

Mexico

United Kingdom

Canada

Indonesia

United States

Portugal

Korea

Turkey

New Zealand

Italy

Estonia

SpainPoland

GermanyHungary

Slovenia

DenmarkNorway

Australia

Israel

France

Chile

Brazil

Finland

Slovak Republic

Czech RepublicSweden

Iceland

Argentina

Belgium

Luxembourg

Ireland

AustriaNetherlands

Switzerland

Japan

Box D1.2 Total science learning time (hours per week)

R²=0,02

ScoreMore total learning time does not necessarily mean better performance …

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EAG 2011: chart box D1.2OK

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Relationships between performance in science and relative learning time in regular school science lessons (PISA 2006)

(Share of learning hours in regular school lessons out of total science learning time)

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80350

400

450

500

550

600

Greece

Mexico

Russian Federation

Chile

Brazil

Turkey

Hungary

Argentina

Poland

Italy

Israel

Indonesia

Portugal

SloveniaNetherlands

Germany

United StatesSpain Slovak Republic

Norway

Estonia

Switzerland

FranceBelgium

Austria

Ireland

Canada

DenmarkSweden

Korea

Czech Republic

Iceland

United Kingdom

Finland

Australia

New ZealandJapan

Luxembourg

Box D1.2Share of learning hours in regular school lessons out of total science learning time (%)

Score

R²=0,50

…while the higher the percentage of students’ total learning time spent during normal school hours, the better countries perform.

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EAG 2011: chart box D1.2OK

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as

Sch

leic

her

Key fi

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om

the 2

01

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lance

Spai

n

Port

ugal

Luxe

mbo

urg

Kore

a

Germ

any

Denm

ark

Finl

and

Belg

ium

(Fl.)

Scot

land

Irela

nd

Belg

ium

(Fr.)

Aust

ralia

Fran

ce

Esto

nia

Engl

and

Slov

enia

Net

herla

nds

OEC

D av

erag

e

Swed

en

Israe

l

Pola

nd

Nor

way

Italy

Aust

ria

Unite

d St

ates

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Icela

nd

Hung

ary

Slov

ak R

epub

lic

0

1

2

Chart D3.1

Teachers’ payRatio of salary after 15 years of experience/minimum training to earnings for

full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education aged 25 to 64 (2009 or latest available year)

Teachers fare worse than tertiary-educated workers

Teachers fare better than tertiary-educated workers

albiser_e

EAG 2011: chart D3.1, second partOK

3333 1

3 S

ep

tem

ber

2011

Andre

as

Sch

leic

her

Key fi

nd

ing

s fr

om

the 2

01

1 e

dit

ion o

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uca

tion a

t a G

lance

Lifelong learning is becoming a reality……but not for all

Those who need it most get the least of it

3434 1

3 S

ep

tem

ber

2011

Andre

as

Sch

leic

her

Key fi

nd

ing

s fr

om

the 2

01

1 e

dit

ion o

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uca

tion a

t a G

lance

Expected hours over the working life in all non-formal education and in job-related

non-formal education (2007) D

enm

ark

Swed

en

Finl

and

Nor

way

Aust

ria

Ger

man

y

Belg

ium

Switz

erla

nd

OEC

D a

vera

ge

Net

herla

nds

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Esto

nia

Slov

ak R

epub

lic

Spai

n

Cana

da

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Port

ugal

Uni

ted

King

dom

Kore

a

New

Zea

land

Pola

nd

Slov

enia

Gre

ece

Italy

Hun

gary

Turk

ey

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

All non-formal educationJob-related non-formal education

Chart C5.1

Hours

albiser_e

EAG 2011: chart C5.1 (change: NFE and JR NFE)updated (titre du précédent graphique différent à celui de 2011)OK

3535 1

3 S

ep

tem

ber

2011

Andre

as

Sch

leic

her

Key fi

nd

ing

s fr

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the 2

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1 e

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ion o

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uca

tion a

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lance

Hours of instruction per employed participant in job-related non-formal education,

by educational attainment (2007)D

enm

ark

Hun

gary

Belg

ium

Aust

ria

Spai

n

Nor

way

Finl

and

Port

ugal

Gre

ece

Pola

nd

OEC

D a

vera

ge

Swed

en

Ger

man

y

Net

herla

nds

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Cana

da

Switz

erla

nd

Turk

ey

Slov

ak R

epub

lic

Esto

nia

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Kore

a

New

Zea

land

Uni

ted

King

dom

Italy

Slov

enia

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Not attained ISCED 3 Attained ISCED 3/4 Attained ISCED 5/6

Chart C5.3

Hours of in-struction

albiser_e

EAG 2011: chart C5.3OK

3636 1

3 S

ep

tem

ber

2011

Andre

as

Sch

leic

her

Key fi

nd

ing

s fr

om

the 2

01

1 e

dit

ion o

fEd

uca

tion a

t a G

lance

More Information…

www.oecd.org/edu/eag2011

http://www.oecd.org/edu/eag2011

News & Politics

Education at a Glance 2011