ACTIVATION OF NATURAL HOST DEFENCE BY ELICITORS FOR MANAGEMENT OF

POST HARVEST DISEASES

Doctoral Seminar IVINOD UPADHYAY

ID.NO- 440561

India's post-harvest losses over Rs 2 L cr annually: Assocham

30% of Fruits and vegetables - unfit for consumption due to spoilage after harvesting

West Bengal(Rs 13,600 crore anually) >Gujarat (Rs 11,400 crore)> Rs (10,700 crore) >Uttar Pradesh(Rs 10,300 crore)>Maharashtra (Rs 10,100 crore)

Additional requirement of cold storage - 370 lakh tons for fruits and vegetables. Presently- total storage capacity for 300 lakh tons.

Total postharvest food loss -10-40% (FAO, 2010)

Highlights !!

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Losses would be enough to feed around 70–100 million people, i.e.

approximately a third of India’s poor (ICAR, 2010)

Loss of overall Resources….seed, labor, water..etc.

Food Security and Postharvest Loss

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INTRODUCTION

Compounds stimulating any type of plant defense

Biotic or abiotic origin

Production of ROS (reactive oxygen species)

Hypersensitive response

Production of phytoalexins, i.e. antimicrobial secondary compounds

ELICITOR

Induction of plant defense

Elicitors may induce local acquired resistance (LAR), systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR)

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CLASSIFICATION OF ELICITORS

PHYSICAL•Radiation•Heat

treatment

CHEMICAL•Acibenzolar•Chitosan•Salicylic acid•Jasmonic acid•Methyl jasmonate•Harpin•Oligandrin•Benzothiadiazole

BIOLOGICAL•Penicillium funiculosum•Glomerella cingulata •Candida oleophila •Aureobasidium pullulans•Phyllosticta musarum •Colletotrichum magna

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EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL ELICITORS TO NATURAL DISEASE RESISTANCE TO POST HARVEST DISEASES

Terry et al.,2003 6

Effect of application of different elicitors on polyphenol content and activity of polyphenol related enzymes

Garsia et al.,2013 7

Effect of application of different elicitors on polyphenol content and activity of polyphenol related enzymes

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MECHANISM OF ELICITATION

Bubulya, 20129

NDR declines: Results in activation of quiescent infections

Factors affecting decline of NDR in produce after harvest :

(1) Nutritional requirements for the pathogen

(2) Preformed antifungal compounds (phytoanticipins)

(3) Potential for inducible antifungal compounds (phytoalexins)

(4) Activation of fungal pathogenicity factorsPrusky, 1996

NATURAL DISEASE RESISTANCE (NDR) AFTER HARVEST

After harvest

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Modify the plant-pathogen interaction by resembling an

incompatible interaction with defense-related mechanisms

Mimic the action of the signaling molecules SA and JA and their

derivates

Luckey (1980) - concept of inducing NDR ‘plant hormesis’

Stimulation of a beneficial plant response by low or sub-lethal

doses of an elicitor/agent

PLANT HORMESIS

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No risk of creating resistant pathogen strains

Increase the phenolic content of fruit

Protecting plants and fruits from biotic and abiotic stresses

No impact on environment

Pre harvest spray can also control postharvest losses

WHY TO FOCUS ON ELICITORS ?????

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SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY FOR CHEMICAL ELICITORS

Chan, 2013 13

APPROACHES TO CONTROL POST HARVEST DECAY AND MECHANISM INVOLVED BASED ON PROTEOMIC STUDY

Chan, 2013 14

ELICITORS OF BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN

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HARPIN INDUCED RESISTANCE TO BLUE MOLD OF APPLES

Control

Treated Capdeville et al., 2008

Flocculent material 17

Control

Treated

WALL APPOSITION AND CONDENSED TANNIN VACUOLES IN HARPIN TREATED APPLES

Capdeville et al., 2008 1

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HARPIN TREATED BEFORE HARVEST HARPIN TREATED AFTER HARVEST

120 days at 0.5°C plus 7 days at 20°C

120 days at 0.5°C D

isea

se

frui

t %

104spores/ml

103spores/ml

Capdeville et al., 2003

Dis

ease

fr

uit

%Varie

ties

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EFFECTS OF OLIGANDRIN ON DISEASE CAUSED BY B. cinerea IN TOMATO FRUIT

Wang et al.,2011

At 25ºC

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CHANGES IN DEFENCE RELATED ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES IN TOMATO FRUIT

Incubated at 25°C85 to 95% RH Wang et al.,2011

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DEFENSE GENE EXPRESSION IN TOMATO FRUITS INDUCED BY OLIGANDRIN

Wang et al.,2011 23

SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL ELICITORS

ASM24

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EFFECTS OF BENZOTHIADIAZOLE AND METHYL JASMONATE ON BANANAS INOCULATED WITH Colletotrichum musae

Cheng Ma et al.,2009

BTH- 5 mmol/LMeJA - 0.1 mmol /LAt 22ºC

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EFFECTS OF BENZOTHIADIAZOLE ANDMETHYL JASMONATE ON CHITINASE (MaChit) GENE

EXPRESSION

Cheng Ma et al.,2009 2

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Effect of BTH on lesion area and disease incidence in peach fruit inoculated with P. expansum

Liu et al.,2004 29

Effect of the BTH on activities of different enzymes in peach fruit

Liu et al.,2004 30

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PREHARVEST SPRAY AND POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT

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Effects of pre-harvest ASM spray in Yali pear fruit inoculated with P. expansum or A. alternata after harvest

P. expansum

A. alternata

Cao et al.,200633

Effects of pre-harvest ASM spray on the activities of defence related enzymes in Yali pear fruit after harvest

Cao et al.,2006 34

Cao et al.,2006

Effect of pre-harvest spray of ASM on activities of different enzymes in young harvested pear fruit

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Effects of the Salicylic acid sprays in pear fruit inoculated with P. expansum after harvest

Cao et al.,2006 37

EFFECTS OF THE SALICYLIC ACID SPRAY ON ACTIVITIES OF DEFENSE RELATED ENZYMES IN THE YOUNG PEAR FRUIT.

Cao et al.,2006 38

Effect of the SA spray on activities of different enzymes in the young pear fruit

Cao et al.,2006 39

COMPATIBILITY WITH BIOCONTROL AGENTS

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Compatibility of methyl jasmonates with antagonisticyeast Cryptococcus laurentii

Yao et al.,2004

25ºC 0ºC

Me Ja conc.0µmol/l50µmol/l100µmol/l200µmol/l400µmol/l

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Effect of Monilinia fructicola and Penicillium expansum in peach fruit treated with MeJA and Cryptococcus

laurentii

Yao et al.,2004

CK-Wounding + pathogenA- MeJA + pathogen B- C. laurentii + pathogen(less cfu)C- MeJA +C.laurentii+ pathogenD- C. laurentii + pathogen(high cfu)

M. fructicola P. expansum 43

Effect of MeJA and Cryptococcus laurentii on defense related enzymes in peach fruit

Yao et al.,200425ºC 0ºC 4

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Effect of MeJA and Cryptococcus laurentii on PAL AND POD activity in peach fruit

Yao et al.,200425ºC 0ºC 4

5

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COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT ELICITORS

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Comparative effects of different elicitors on management of Alternaria rot in pear

Tian et al., 2006

A - Salicylic acid B - oxalic acid C- calcium chloride D - antagonistic yeast E- untreated control 4

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Comparative effects of different elicitors on defense related enzymes in pear

Tian et al., 2006 49

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EXPRESSION OF INDUCED RESISTANCE

GENOTYPE

ENVIRONMENT

OTHER FACTORS

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Walters et al.,2005

GENOTYPE:

Hijwegen and Verhaar (1994) - Resistance in cucumber to the

powdery mildew fungus induced by treatment with INA was cultivar

dependent

Highest levels of induced resistance expressed in a partially resistant

cultivar

much lower levels of resistance in susceptible cultivars

Dann et al.(1998) - Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum induced by

treatment with INA or ASM in soybean was greatest in susceptible

cultivars

Oostendorp et al. (2001)- Resistance activated by ASM in monocots

are very long lasting compare to dicots

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Heil et al.(2000) - ASM applied to wheat in the absence of pathogen

Reduced biomass

Reduced numbers of ears and grains

When nitrogen supply was limited effects was pronounced

Reductions in the expression of genes related to primary metabolism

following elicitation of resistance.

Dietrich et al. (2005)- Treated Arabidopsis plants with ASM -initial growth

reductions was compensated subsequently by increasing growth rates

ENVIRONMENTCOST OF INDUCED RESISTANCE

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Effect of resistance induction on seed production was determined by

environmental conditions such as nitrogen supply, water stress, and

competition with other plants.

Result - costs, no costs, or even higher seed production by ASM-induced

compared with uninduced controls under different combinations of

environmental factors.

Induced plants were most likely to incur fitness costs if grown in a

competitive environment.

Dietrich et al.(2005)

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Should a resistance elicitor be applied before or after a fungicide

application????

Depend upon the particular pathogen or pathogens being targeted and the stage

of crop growth

OTHER FACTORS

Eg. Strobilurin fungicide + ASM - effective in controlling Albugo

occidentalis and increasing leaf quality in spinach

ASM + mancozeb- provide protection against Claviceps africana on sorghum in case where fungal isolates resistant to the usual fungicide treatment -triadimenol

Timing of application and frequency of application

Conjunction with appropriate-dose fungicides

COMBINATIONS

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QUESTION NEED TO BE ANSWERED

Will incorporation of induced resistance into disease control programs

be more expensive than current approaches?

Will induced resistance represent a sustainable approach to disease

control???

Farmers and growers need to be convinced….

Whether it can replace the existing management practices????

Will it be feasible with other practice in integrated disease management?????

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