WelcomeInsecticide Resistance Management

Strategy

WelcomeInsecticide Resistance Management

Strategy

Course In-charge Dr.Bhuvaneswari

Professor Department of Agri.Entomology

CPPS,TNAU

Course In-charge Dr.Bhuvaneswari

Professor Department of Agri.Entomology

CPPS,TNAU

What is “Insecticide resistance” ?

A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species

(IRAC)

A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species

(IRAC)

Insecticide application Insecticide application

Gene Gene

Repetition of the same chemical .Repetition of the same chemical .

Progeny

Heritability of the activated gene Heritability of the activated gene

Insect Insect

Genome of the insect Genome of the insect

Mechanism of development of insecticide ResistanceMechanism of development of insecticide Resistance

Pre-adoptive factor Pre-adoptive factor

Natural selection Natural selection

Resistance management ?

Can we control or management ? Can we control or management ?

The goal of resistance management is to delay evolution of resistance in pests.

IRMIRM

Principles of the insecticide resistance management

Principles of the insecticide resistance management

1.Management by moderation. 2.Management by saturation. 3.Management by multiple attack.

1.Management by moderation. 2.Management by saturation. 3.Management by multiple attack.

(Curtis et al.,1993)

1.Management by Moderation. Recognizes:

It attempts to preserve susceptibility genes are a valuable resource by limiting the chemical selection pressure that is applied.

Infrequent applications,Non-persistent chemicals Preservation of refugia.Insect-resistant varieties,Improved timing of planting and harvestingEncouragement of biological controls.

Recognizes:

It attempts to preserve susceptibility genes are a valuable resource by limiting the chemical selection pressure that is applied.

Infrequent applications,Non-persistent chemicals Preservation of refugia.Insect-resistant varieties,Improved timing of planting and harvestingEncouragement of biological controls.

RR RRrrrr

r r R R

Rr

rrrr

Rr

rr

Heterozygous population

Susceptible population

2.Management by Saturation2.Management by Saturation

The term "saturation" does not imply saturation of the environment with pesticides.

It is intended to indicate saturation of the insect's defenses by means of on-target dosages that are high enough to overcome resistance.

This approach has more merit during the early stages of selection when resistance genes are rare, existing mainly in the heterozygous state.

The term "saturation" does not imply saturation of the environment with pesticides.

It is intended to indicate saturation of the insect's defenses by means of on-target dosages that are high enough to overcome resistance.

This approach has more merit during the early stages of selection when resistance genes are rare, existing mainly in the heterozygous state.

Formulations that could deliver high dosages on-target include Microencapsulation AttractantsBaited targets causing insecticide uptake at rates that are lethal to heterozygotes.

Formulations that could deliver high dosages on-target include Microencapsulation AttractantsBaited targets causing insecticide uptake at rates that are lethal to heterozygotes.

These can attract the insects and with the high doses they will die including the resistance

3.Management by multiple attack

The multiple attack strategy is based on the premise that control can be achieved through the action of several independently acting stresses, including insecticides, each exerting selection pressure that is below the level which could lead to résistance.

The multiple attack strategy is based on the premise that control can be achieved through the action of several independently acting stresses, including insecticides, each exerting selection pressure that is below the level which could lead to résistance.

IRM - principles 1.Management by moderation.

2.Management by saturation.

3.Management by the multiple attack.

Short environmental persistance. less frequent of application.

Use of more dosages of insecticides to kill all the population including heterozygous individuals

Insecticide mixtureDevelopment of the newer molecules

Insecticide Resistance Management StrategyInsecticide Resistance Management Strategy

General IRM strategies General IRM strategies Bt crops Bt crops

House hold pests and vectorsHouse hold pests and vectors

I

III

II

I. General IRM strategies I. General IRM strategies

1.Rotation of the insecticides. 2.Use of synergists.4.Mixtures and alternations.5.Negatively correlated insecticides. 6.Development of newer insecticides.7.Use of insect pheromones.8.Use of insect hormones. 9.Use of Integrated Approach (IPM).

1.Rotation of the insecticides. 2.Use of synergists.4.Mixtures and alternations.5.Negatively correlated insecticides. 6.Development of newer insecticides.7.Use of insect pheromones.8.Use of insect hormones. 9.Use of Integrated Approach (IPM).

1.ROTATION OF THE INSECTICIDES 1.ROTATION OF THE INSECTICIDES

Insecticide rotation. The same insecticide should not used for a long time

particularly when resistance has been detected. Insects resistant to one insecticide may not be resistant to

another. After a time lag the lost susceptibility to the first insecticide

returns.

Insecticide rotation. The same insecticide should not used for a long time

particularly when resistance has been detected. Insects resistant to one insecticide may not be resistant to

another. After a time lag the lost susceptibility to the first insecticide

returns.

1st year /1st season1st year /1st season

2nd year /2nd season

Insecticide AInsecticide A

Insecticide BInsecticide B

Resulted plot Resulted plot

Resulted plot Resulted plot

2nd year / 2nd season2nd year / 2nd season

INSECT RESISTANT INSECTICIDE IRM INSECTICIDES

Tufted Apple Bud Moth

GUTHION IMIDAN

INTREPID SPINTOR AVAUNT DANITOL

Bacillus thuringiensis

Example: Example:

STRATEGY:

STY. YEAR 1st Generation 2nd Generation

STRATEGY

STRATEGY

1 ST Year Intrepid

Avaunt, SpinTor, Danitol or B. thuringiensis should be used against the first generation the following year

2ND Year

STRATEGY

STRATEGY

1 ST Year IntrepidAvaunt, SpinTor, Danitol,B. thuringiensis.

2ND YearAvaunt, SpinTor, Danitol, B. thuringiensis.

Intrepid

Intrepid

2.Use of Syngergists 2.Use of Syngergists

Resistance to insecticides in insects develops due to their ability to degrade the insecticides into inactive compounds by detoxifying enzymes .

To ovecome this resistance compounds that can block the action of the detoxifying enzymes should be added to the insecticides.

These inhibitory compounds we called synergists allow the insecticide to function normaly only by blocking their inhibitory enzymes and do not in reality enhance the potency of the insectiides

Eg:Piperonylcyclone when mixed with DDT prevents its detoxification to DDE in the resisitant strain house flies and these keeps them susceptible to DDT.

Resistance to insecticides in insects develops due to their ability to degrade the insecticides into inactive compounds by detoxifying enzymes .

To ovecome this resistance compounds that can block the action of the detoxifying enzymes should be added to the insecticides.

These inhibitory compounds we called synergists allow the insecticide to function normaly only by blocking their inhibitory enzymes and do not in reality enhance the potency of the insectiides

Eg:Piperonylcyclone when mixed with DDT prevents its detoxification to DDE in the resisitant strain house flies and these keeps them susceptible to DDT.

A <50%

A + SYNERGIST SYNERGIST

Piperonyl Cyclone does not increase the toxicity of the DDT in DDT susceptible houseflies , which it should do.

The reason is that in the susceptible strain the detoxifying enzymes on which the synergist would act are missing.

The WARF of the USA has developed a substance WARF antiresistant that can block DDT Dehydrochlorinase (the enzyme that detoxifies the DDT in houseflies ) and thus prevent the conversion of DDT to DDE and retain the insects susceptiblility to this insecticide.

Piperonyl Cyclone does not increase the toxicity of the DDT in DDT susceptible houseflies , which it should do.

The reason is that in the susceptible strain the detoxifying enzymes on which the synergist would act are missing.

The WARF of the USA has developed a substance WARF antiresistant that can block DDT Dehydrochlorinase (the enzyme that detoxifies the DDT in houseflies ) and thus prevent the conversion of DDT to DDE and retain the insects susceptiblility to this insecticide.

As control agents, synergists can potentially render resistant populations susceptible and or prevent the development of resistance.

Synergists can be less active on predators than on pests.

Synergists are among the most straightforward tools for overcoming metabolic resistance because they can directly inhibit the resistance mechanism itself .

Detoxification mechanisms are mixed function oxidases (MFO). Consequently, most insecticide synergists are inhibitors of this group.

cytochrome P-450 alone.

As control agents, synergists can potentially render resistant populations susceptible and or prevent the development of resistance.

Synergists can be less active on predators than on pests.

Synergists are among the most straightforward tools for overcoming metabolic resistance because they can directly inhibit the resistance mechanism itself .

Detoxification mechanisms are mixed function oxidases (MFO). Consequently, most insecticide synergists are inhibitors of this group.

cytochrome P-450 alone.

For the purpose of field efficacy the SR90 is the more important value because, in most cases, at least 90% mortality is required for acceptable control.

For research purposes, however, the SR50 is the most meaningful value

For the purpose of field efficacy the SR90 is the more important value because, in most cases, at least 90% mortality is required for acceptable control.

For research purposes, however, the SR50 is the most meaningful value

Quantification of synergism Quantification of synergism

SRSRLD (lethal dose) value of the insecticideLD (lethal dose) value of the insecticide

LD (lethal dose) value of the insecticide+SynergistLD (lethal dose) value of the insecticide+Synergist

Herbicides are acting as the synergists

Eg: atrazine, simazine, monuron, and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)

The herbicides by themselves were nontoxic.

Among The All Atrazine was most effective

Increasing amounts of this herbicide and constant amounts of some insecticides, increasing mortalities of insects were observed.

Herbicides are acting as the synergists

Eg: atrazine, simazine, monuron, and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)

The herbicides by themselves were nontoxic.

Among The All Atrazine was most effective

Increasing amounts of this herbicide and constant amounts of some insecticides, increasing mortalities of insects were observed.

Can herbicides are act like synergists? Can herbicides are act like synergists?

INSECTICIDE /INSECTICIDE WITH SYNERGIST

Carbofuran (0.5 microgram)

DDT(0.5 microgram)

Parathion (0.35 microgram

Diazinon (0.2 microgram)

36%

30%

35%

33%

50%

% with atrazine

When we are using without the synergist the mortality % will be low. With synergist it observed more than 50%When we are using without the synergist the mortality % will be low. With synergist it observed more than 50%

3.Mixtures

Mixtures increase the level of target pest control and/or broadening the range of pests controlled.

Most Mixtures are not primarily used for purposes of Insect Resistance management (IRM).

The rotation of insecticide modes of action is considered The most effective IRM approach. Insecticide mixtures may offer benefits for IRM when

appropriately incorporated into rotation strategies with additional mode(s) of action, but generally A single mixture should not be relied upon alone.

Mixtures increase the level of target pest control and/or broadening the range of pests controlled.

Most Mixtures are not primarily used for purposes of Insect Resistance management (IRM).

The rotation of insecticide modes of action is considered The most effective IRM approach. Insecticide mixtures may offer benefits for IRM when

appropriately incorporated into rotation strategies with additional mode(s) of action, but generally A single mixture should not be relied upon alone.

What should be followed for mixing of the insecticides?What should be followed for mixing of the insecticides?

Individual insecticides selected for use in mixtures should be highly effective and be applied at the rates at which they are individually registered for against the target species.

Mixtures with components having the same IRAC mode of action Classification are not recommended for IRM.

When using mixtures, consider any known cross- resistance issues ‐between the individual components for the targeted pest/s.

Mixtures become less effective if resistance is already developing to one or both active ingredients, but they may still provide pest management benefits.

Individual insecticides selected for use in mixtures should be highly effective and be applied at the rates at which they are individually registered for against the target species.

Mixtures with components having the same IRAC mode of action Classification are not recommended for IRM.

When using mixtures, consider any known cross- resistance issues ‐between the individual components for the targeted pest/s.

Mixtures become less effective if resistance is already developing to one or both active ingredients, but they may still provide pest management benefits.

The IRM benefits of an insecticide mixture are greatest if the two components have similar periods of residual insecticidal activity.

Mixtures of insecticides with unequal periods of residual insecticide activity may offer an IRM benefit for the period where both insecticides are active.

The IRM benefits of an insecticide mixture are greatest if the two components have similar periods of residual insecticidal activity.

Mixtures of insecticides with unequal periods of residual insecticide activity may offer an IRM benefit for the period where both insecticides are active.

A mixture of two insecticides and independent action has been suggeted as a counter measure for the resistance.

Eg. A BHC – DDT mixture against malaria mosquitoes (BHC is for DDT resistant survivors and DDT is for BHC resistant survivors).

However in such cases it takes the a much shorter time for the insects to turn the resistant to both the compounds than what it would take if they are used separately

A mixture of two insecticides and independent action has been suggeted as a counter measure for the resistance.

Eg. A BHC – DDT mixture against malaria mosquitoes (BHC is for DDT resistant survivors and DDT is for BHC resistant survivors).

However in such cases it takes the a much shorter time for the insects to turn the resistant to both the compounds than what it would take if they are used separately

Example:

Cyclodiene resistant boll weevils are found to be susceptible to Malathion and DDT resistant houseflies also susceptible to Malathion and such a combinations be discovered and used.

Cyclodiene resistant boll weevils are found to be susceptible to Malathion and DDT resistant houseflies also susceptible to Malathion and such a combinations be discovered and used.

4. Negatively correlated insecticides (cross resistance) 4. Negatively correlated insecticides (cross resistance)

It has been observed that resistance to one insecticide leads to the enhanced susceptibility to another insecticide.

5.USE OF INSECT HORMONES IN INSECTICIDE RESISTANT MANAGEMENT

5.USE OF INSECT HORMONES IN INSECTICIDE RESISTANT MANAGEMENT

Just as pheromones modulate insect behaviour, hormones regulate growth and reproduction in insects.

Both these processes can be interfered with by providing exogenous hormones at wrong times that is when they are not needed by the insect system .

Just as pheromones modulate insect behaviour, hormones regulate growth and reproduction in insects.

Both these processes can be interfered with by providing exogenous hormones at wrong times that is when they are not needed by the insect system .

There should be a constant attempt to search for newer insecticides.

This will make a large number of insecticides available for substitution when particular insecticides fails t kill.

There should be a constant attempt to search for newer insecticides.

This will make a large number of insecticides available for substitution when particular insecticides fails t kill.

6. Developing newer compounds – It should be a continuous process to have more and more substitutions or alternates.

6. Developing newer compounds – It should be a continuous process to have more and more substitutions or alternates.

By treating border rows only (for pests that migrate into your planting from outside) and localized "hot spots" where pest numbers are over the action threshold.

You leave large areas unsprayed for susceptible pests to survive.

These areas can be treated at a later date, if thresholds are reached.

By treating border rows only (for pests that migrate into your planting from outside) and localized "hot spots" where pest numbers are over the action threshold.

You leave large areas unsprayed for susceptible pests to survive.

These areas can be treated at a later date, if thresholds are reached.

7. Spot spraying 7. Spot spraying

8. INTEGRATED APPROACH:

An integrated approach to the control of insect pests will reduce the application of the insecticides which in turn will lower insecticides pressure on the insects under such a condition genes governing resistance may not get activated or may take a longer time to do so and keep resistance postponed for some time

An integrated approach to the control of insect pests will reduce the application of the insecticides which in turn will lower insecticides pressure on the insects under such a condition genes governing resistance may not get activated or may take a longer time to do so and keep resistance postponed for some time

Crop production Crop production

Less resistance Less resistance

Cultural control Biological control Mechanical control Legal control

Chemeical control Physical control

Cultural control Biological control Mechanical control Legal control

Chemeical control Physical control

IPM IPM In the IPM we are doing the less dumping of the insecticides Need based applicationAvoiding the resistance developed -insecticides Recommended dosage

In the IPM we are doing the less dumping of the insecticides Need based applicationAvoiding the resistance developed -insecticides Recommended dosage

9. PHEROMONES ROLE 9. PHEROMONES ROLE

Pheromones regulate the insect behaviour. By using of the sex pheromones insects could be driven to

poison baits and they will die. By providing the aggregation pheromones they could be

driven to the wrong host plants where they would starve and die.

To evaluate the insecticide resistance in the field.

Pheromones regulate the insect behaviour. By using of the sex pheromones insects could be driven to

poison baits and they will die. By providing the aggregation pheromones they could be

driven to the wrong host plants where they would starve and die.

To evaluate the insecticide resistance in the field.

DBM IRM STRATEGY DBM IRM STRATEGY

IRM STRATEGY FOR DBM

Secure® or Success® use from 1 Sep until 31 Jan. Regent®, Proclaim® or Avatar ® use from 1 Feb until 31

Aug. Labels of new products place a limit on the number of

applications to be used. If further control is required on one planting, different groups from within the same window should be rotated.

It is important to monitor crops regularly for DBM. Do not use mixtures of insecticides for controlling DBM. Use of the biological insecticide, Bt, in the early stages of

crop development is encouraged. Good crop hygiene, such as use of clean seedlings and the

prompt working in of harvested crops, will reduce your DBM problems.

II.Bt crops II.Bt crops

Refugia strategy

PRINCIPLE

IRM STRATEGY FOR LEPIDOPTERA

IRM STRATEGY FOR LEPIDOPTERA

III. Vectors and household pests.III. Vectors and household pests.

Spatially separated applications of different compounds against the same insect constitute a “mosaic” approach to resistance management. by using two insecticides in different dwellings within the same village. This creates the potential for insects within a single generation to come into contact with both insecticides, and would reduce the rate of resistance selection, provided that multiple resistance within the vector population was extremely rare. If such a fine scale mosaic is to be used, careful records of which insecticide was used in each house are essential

Spatially separated applications of different compounds against the same insect constitute a “mosaic” approach to resistance management. by using two insecticides in different dwellings within the same village. This creates the potential for insects within a single generation to come into contact with both insecticides, and would reduce the rate of resistance selection, provided that multiple resistance within the vector population was extremely rare. If such a fine scale mosaic is to be used, careful records of which insecticide was used in each house are essential

1.Fine scale mosaic strategy 1.Fine scale mosaic strategy

Spraying at homes for control of the vectors Spraying at homes for control of the vectors

v

VILLAGE VILLAGE

AA

HH

GG

FF

EEDD

CC

BB

II

INSECTICDE

summary summary 1.We should not take unnecessary pesticide applications

2.based on the ETL levels only we have to take the chemical control if the pest not controlled by other practice 3.Follow the recommended dose of insecticide 4.Follow the insecticide rotations 5.Use of the insecticide mixtures 6.Negative correlated insecticides we have to use 7.Use the synergists along with the insecticides 8. Go for the spot spraying9.Use insect growth regulators 10.Use of the pheromones 11.Give importance to the IPM practices other than the chemical contol12.In case of Bt crops we have to follow the refugia strategy.13. In case of vectors and house hold pests along with general resistance management practices follow the fine scale mosaic

1.We should not take unnecessary pesticide applications 2.based on the ETL levels only we have to take the chemical control if the pest not controlled by other practice 3.Follow the recommended dose of insecticide 4.Follow the insecticide rotations 5.Use of the insecticide mixtures 6.Negative correlated insecticides we have to use 7.Use the synergists along with the insecticides 8. Go for the spot spraying9.Use insect growth regulators 10.Use of the pheromones 11.Give importance to the IPM practices other than the chemical contol12.In case of Bt crops we have to follow the refugia strategy.13. In case of vectors and house hold pests along with general resistance management practices follow the fine scale mosaic

Role of Agriculture Department

1.Go and aware the farmers about the insecticide resistance and its management2.Give the recommended strategies that given by the IRAC for different crops.3.Follow the labels which are given along with the containers-not to recommend not registered and banned insecticides which are responsible for the resistance 4.Learn the farmers how to prepare the pesticide spray preparation for that conduct trainings

1.Go and aware the farmers about the insecticide resistance and its management2.Give the recommended strategies that given by the IRAC for different crops.3.Follow the labels which are given along with the containers-not to recommend not registered and banned insecticides which are responsible for the resistance 4.Learn the farmers how to prepare the pesticide spray preparation for that conduct trainings

As long as the farmers us ing the chemicals injudic ious ly there is prob lem of the res is tance prevai l so we have to aware the farmers and recommend the author ized IRM strategies.

conclusion

Referneces 1.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies De ve lo pe d by the Cro pLife Australia Inse cticide Re sistance Manag ement Re view Gro up .2.Insect Resistance Management Stewardship Guide For U.S. Corn and Cotton-Growing Areas.3.Gene pyramiding as a Bt resistance management Strategy by Manyangarirwa4.Baseline Studies on Insect Resistance Management Strategy for Bt-Cotton in Kenya BY Waturu C N,Muriuki S.J. N and Taracha C.5.Insecticide Resistance Management StrategiesDeveloped by the CropLife Australia Insecticide Resistance Management Review Group6.Insecticide Resistance: Causes and Action-IRAC7.Prevention and management of insecticide resistance in vectors and pests of public health importance -IRAC

1.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies De ve lo pe d by the Cro pLife Australia Inse cticide Re sistance Manag eme nt Re view Gro up .2.Insect Resistance Management Stewardship Guide For U.S. Corn and Cotton-Growing Areas.3.Gene pyramiding as a Bt resistance management Strategy by Manyangarirwa4.Baseline Studies on Insect Resistance Management Strategy for Bt-Cotton in Kenya BY Waturu C N,Muriuki S.J. N and Taracha C.5.Insecticide Resistance Management StrategiesDeveloped by the CropLife Australia Insecticide Resistance Management Review Group6.Insecticide Resistance: Causes and Action-IRAC7.Prevention and management of insecticide resistance in vectors and pests of public health importance -IRAC

2.WWW.IRAC.COM3.Elements of Economic Entomology –B.Vasantharaj david 4.Applied entomology K.P .srivastava

2.WWW.IRAC.COM3.Elements of Economic Entomology –B.Vasantharaj david 4.Applied entomology K.P .srivastava

Thanks a lot

Presented by S.srinivas naik