A

Paper Presentation for ICAER 2013on

Experimental Studies on Low Temperature Operability of High FFA Oil Biodiesel

by

Mr. K. A. Sorate, Research Scholar &

Dr. P.V. Bhale, Assistant Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering,S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat

Outline of Presentation

• Introduction• Objectives of the Study• What is low temperature properties of biodiesel?• Failures due to poor cold flow properties• Experimentation• Cold flow measurement• Cold flow improvement• Results and discussions• Conclusions

7th February 13 ICAFICE 2013 Mr. K.A.Sorate & Dr.P.V.Bhale, MED, SVNIT

Surat

2/25

Jatropha Mahua Pongamia Neem High FFA soy oil Diesel0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Feedstock oil

Rela

tive

pric

ing

per l

iter

*

Survey

High FFA oil, by product of vegetable oil refinery, which is available at low cost. At present it has very limited application in soap industries.

4

Biodiesel synthesis from high FFA oilFeedstock High FFA soy

Oil used in the present study

FFA (%) 16.8For esterification  Methanol: v/v of oil 0.35Acid catalyst:H2SO4, % (v/v of oil)

0.7

Reaction time (min) 60Reaction temperature, 0C 60For transesterification  Methanol: v/v of oil 0.4Alkali catalyst:KOH % (w/v of oil) or

1.5

Reaction time (min.) 60Reaction temperature, 0C 60

Nakpong et al. (2010) used two step method for high FFA coconut oil

GC-MS at CSMCRI Bhavnagar

GAS CHROMOTOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY (GC-MS)

Fatty acid Formula Structure Wt.%

Palmitate C17H34O2 17:0 14.90

Stearate C19H38O2 19:0 2.50

Oleate C19H36O2 19:1 30.00

Linoleate C19H34O2 19:2 50.93

Table Fatty acid profile of biodiesel

*Fatty acid profile results matches with Moser et al (2011) studied for soybean oil methyl ester

Properties of high FFA B100

Properties Standard Limit B100 Diesel

FAME content EN 14103 96.5 98.33 -

Density at 15 oC, kg/m3 ASTM D4052 860-900 890 820

Kinematic Viscosity at 40 oC, mm2/s ASTM D445 1.9-6.0 4.83 2.5

Acid value, mg KOH/g ASTM D974 Max.0.5 0.38 -

Calorific value, MJ/kg ASTM D4809 - 37.5 42.5

Flash point , oC ASTM D93 Min 130 174 55

Cloud point, oC ASTM D2500 Report 5 -16

Pour point, oC ASTMD97 -15-10 2 -21

Cetane number ASTM D613 Min. 51 49 51

Oxidation stability at 110 oC,h EN ISO 14112 Min. 6 2.1 -

Iodine value g I2/100 g EN 14111 Max.120 37 -

Table 2 Properties of high FFA oil biodiesel (B100) in comparison with diesel.

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Poor cold flow properties ?

With decreasing temperature more solids form and material approaches the pour point, the lowest temperature at which it will cease to flow. (Schumacher et al,1999)

Effects of poor cold flow properties

-Plugging/Clogging of filters and fuel tubes

-Increase in viscosity of BD results in poor combustion

Park and Kim, 2008; Schumacher et al

Cloud and pour point apparatus

Test jar

cloud and pour point apparatus

biodiesel

The following samples were tested to improve Pour Point and Cloud Point

1. High FFA oil biodiesel (B100) blended with ethanol2. High FFA oil biodiesel (B100) blended with methanol3. High FFA oil biodiesel (B100) blended with kerosene4. High FFA oil biodiesel (B100) blended with diesel5. High FFA oil biodiesel (B100) blended with castor

biodiesel 6. High FFA oil biodiesel (B100) blended with jatropha

biodiesel and7. High FFA oil biodiesel (B100) doped with diesel fuel

antigel additive.

Antigel additive

Cloud and pour point measurement

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Relationship between Pour point and % saturated fatty acids of biodiesel

Castor BD Jatropha BD Mahua BD High FFA BD-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-30

-6

14

2

5

13

52

17.4

Pour pointsSaturated FA,%

Po

ur

po

int,

de

g c

en

Sat

urat

ed f

atty

aci

ds %

14

Effect of ethanol and methanol

Effect of ethanol on percentage blend of biodiesel

Effect of methanol on percentage blend of biodiesel

Reported results matches with Bhale et al (2009) studied for Mahua biodiesel; Scheminder et al for soybean biodiesel

Improved CP from 5 oC to -4 oC while pour point improved from 2 oC to -7 oC

cloud point improved from 5 oC to -4 oC while pour point improved from 2 oC to -7 oC.

Effect of kerosene and diesel on CP and PP

Effect of diesel on percentage blend of biodiesel

Effect of kerosene on percentage blend of biodiesel

Reported results matches with Bhale et al (2009) studied for Mahua biodiesel; Scheminder et al for soybean biodiesel

cloud point improved from 5 oC to -3 oC while pour point improved from 2 oC to -6 oC.

cloud point improved from 5 oC to -2 oC while pour point improved from 2 oC to -5 oC

Effect of castor BD and Jatropha BD on CP and PP

Effect of Jatropha biodiesel on percentage blend of biodiesel

Effect of castor biodiesel on percentage blend of biodiesel

Reported results matches with Zuleta et al, 2012 and Joshi et al

improves cloud point from 5 to -3 oC while pour point from 2 oC to -5 oC

improves CP from 5 to -1 oC while PP from 2 to -3 oC

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Effect of commercial antigel additive

Figure: Effect of antigel additive on percentage blend of biodiesel

Reported results matches with Bhale et al (2009) studied for Mahua biodiesel; Scheminder et al for soybean biodiesel

cloud point reduced from 5 oC to -1 oC and pour point from 2 oC to -7 oC when doped up to 2%.

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Effect of additives on viscosity in low temp region

Effect of kerosene, diesel and antigel additive on the kinematic viscosity of B100 in low temperature region

Effect of ethanol, methanol and antigel additive on the kinematic viscosity of B100 in low temperature region

Reported results matches with Bhale et al (2009) studied for Mahua biodiesel

Higher values of viscosity leads to poor spray characteristics and problem in pumping and poor combustion. Hence viscosity should be low for proper combustion

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Effect of additives on viscosity in low temp region

Effect of Castor biodiesel, Jatropha biodiesel and antigel additive on the kinematic viscosity of B100 in low temperature region

Higher viscosity value has impact on spray pattern.The change in the spray pattern can greatly change the combustion properties of the fuel mixture.

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Conclusions• Based on the cold flow experimental results, the following conclusions have been

summarized;• Due to addition of ethanol up to 20%, there is significant improvement in cold flow

properties of biodiesel have been noticed. However, the addition of ethanol should be restricted due to its lower Cetane number.

• Similarly, blending of kerosene up to 20% in biodiesel improves cold flow properties of biodiesel considerably. However, higher blends of kerosene should be limited due to its poor lubricity, which may reduce the lubricity of biodiesel.

• In comparison with ethanol and kerosene, less improvement in cloud and pour point were observed when biodiesel blended with diesel up to 20 %. Compared to ethanol and kerosene, less improvement in cloud and pour point were observed when biodiesel blended with castor biodiesel and jatropha biodiesel. The effect of 2% commercial additive was found significant compared to other blended materials. The improved low temperature performance of biodiesel (B100) blended with alcohol, fossil based fuels; biodiesel in biodiesel blend; and with commercial Antigel additive shows its use under diverse cold climate temperatures where it is usable.

• Therefore, from all of these results, lower cost high FFA oil has a bigger potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production.