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Plants
SC.912.L.14.7
Plant Overview
More than 400,000 different species of plants have been identified (and more are out there!)
Plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular ALGAE we see today
What are some unique feature to a plant cell??? Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
How do plants obtain energy? Photosynthesis (to make their food) and then cellular respiration (to
actually get ATP to do all those cool things living organisms do….) Grow and develop Reproduce Maintain Homeostasis Evolve Obtain and use resources
Plant characteristics
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae
Evolved from unicellular algae
Multicellular Many cells organized into tissues
organized into functioning organs to make a function organism
Autotrophic They can make their own food…
GLUCOSE!!! Use Photosynthesis to do so…
Two Major Groups of PlantsVASCULAR Tissue is tissue that transports water and
nutrients in an organism
Plants
Bryophytes(non-vascular)
Lack specialized tissue for H2O
transport
Tracheophytes(vascular)
Have specialized tissue that transports H2O and nutrients
Seedless plants
Non-flowering
seed plants
Flowering seed
plants
BryophytesNon-vascular
No specialized tissue to carry H2O
Absorb nutrients directly from surroundings osmosis
Examples Mosses Liverworts Hornworts
Tracheophytes Vascular system
Transport system between ORGANS of plant roots, stems and leaves Plants have different structure and
arrangement of these organs to adapt to their environment
Transport water and nutrients all over=LARGE sizes
Examples: Seedless plants…
FERNS GYMNOSPERMS: Non-flowering
seeded plants PINE TREES
ANGIOSPERMS: Flowering seeded plants DAISYS
Vascular Tissue
VEINS of the plant (similar to our blood vessels)
can move fluids through the body of a plant, even against the force of gravity
XYLEM Carries water from the roots
to the stem and leaves
PHOLEM Transports solutions of
nutrients and carbohydrates made by photosynthesis in the leaves to all the other parts of the plant
Major Organs of the Plants
Roots Anchor and support plant Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil Store food and water
Stem Transport materials between plants roots and its leaves and
flowers Support leaves and flowers Some store food and water
Leaves Main organs that carry out photosynthesis Many adaptations (size, shape, structure) to help plant
survive Needles Flowers
Roots2 types
Taproots Single, large root that grows
deep into soil Smaller roots branch off main
root Good at storing food and water DICOT plants have taproots
Examples: Carrots and beets Desert plants have very long
taproots…why do you think?
Fibrous roots Does NOT have single main root Many small, shallow roots
branching from base of plant MONOCOT plants have fibrous
roots Examples: Grasses
Stems Connect roots to leaves and
flowers
TRANSPORT
Defense against predators and disease
Storage of food and water POTATOES: modified stems that
store lots of food in form of starch
• WOODY plants (trunk is the stem) Trees and shrubs have HARD
Stems Larger and long life spans
• HERBACEOUS plants Plants with green, flexible stems Smaller, and shorter life spans
Leaves Location of Photosynthesis
Three major structures of leaf Petiole- tube like structure that
attaches leaf to stem Blade- broad, flat part of leaf Veins- tube-like structures that
transport water to leave
Stomata Small, pore-like openings on the
underside of leaves Site of TRANSPIRATION
water Site of Gas exchange (respiration)
Carbon dioxide and oxygen Guard cells
Tiny cells, that control the opening and closing of the stomata
Adaptations
Leaf AdaptationsAdaptations
Pine Needles and Cacti: needle shaped leaves or microscopic leaves b/c they need to prevent water loss
Rainforest plants: broad, flat leaves b/c they need to catch as much light as possible in shade
Flowers: modified leaves for sexual reproduction
Major Plant Tissues Dermal tissue
Outer covering of leaves made of epidermal cells Waxy “cuticle” and fuzzy appearance of leaves (from tiny projections called
trichomes) On roots, this tissue is the roots hairs (increase surface area to increase water
absorption)
Vascular tissue Transport (xylem and phloem)
Ground tissue Tissue made of the cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissue Made of cells with many central vacuoles In leaves, this tissue is made of cells with many chloroplasts
Meristematic tissue Clusters of tissue that is responsible for continuing growth throughout a plants
lifetime “indeterminate Growth” Growth that produces new cells at the tips of a plants roots and stems throughout a
plant’s lifetime Made of “undifferentiated” cells…a plants STEM CELLS
Only part of the plant that produces new cells by mitosis
Cambium Plants grow tall from APICAL
MERISTEMS
How do they get wider???
Secondary Growth Method of growth where stem
increase in WIDTH Conifers and Dicots
Secondary growth takes place in: Vascular Cambium lateral
meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissue and increases thickness of stem (makes wood of a tree)
Cork Cambium lateral meristematic tissue that produces outer covering of stems (makes bark of a tree)
Plants: Flowers, Fruits and Cones
I’m Sexy and You Know it!
Most EVOLVED plants
Flowering Plants Very Attractive! Smell good Look pretty There is a reason they are
used in courtship
Reproduce sexually
Contain both MALE and FEMALE reproductive parts
Angiosperms Seed plant that produces a
seed that is enclosed by a fruit
Fruit develops inside the flower
Surround by lots of yummy Glucose
Flowers are Modified leaves Reproductive Organ of the
Angiosperm Attractive color and smells to
attract birds and bees to help them cross-pollinate = GENETIC DIEVRSITY!!!
Flowers
Flower Anatomy
Pistil (female parts) Stigma Style (with
pollen tube) Ovary Ovule
Stamen (male parts) Anthers (pollen) Filaments
Let’s Practice…
POLLEN!!!
Pollen on the Stig
ma…Reproduction in Actio
ns!
Seeds
Reproductive structure of plant that contains a plant embryo Part of embryo will develop into stem, leaves and
roots of new plant In flowering plants, seed also contains food
(glucose=sugar) and protective coat (ie. banana peel)
Seed of Angiosperm may have one or two baby leaves (called cotyledons) 1 cotyledon= monocot (grasses/grains) 2 cotyledons= dicot (beans)
Fruits
• Pollination transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil
• When pollen gets into style, Fertilization of the eggs in the ovary of the flower occur
• After fertilization, more seeds develop in ovary
• Ovary develops into a protective FRUIT providing developing seeds with lots of yummy GLUCOSE!
Angiosperms are classified in
Two CategoriesMonocots………………..……Dicots
Taproot
Fibrous root
Cones UNLIKE seeds of flowering plants
NO protective coating of the embryo
More sexiness AKA reproduction!
Gymnosperms Conifers (Pine trees) do NOT have
flowers but they do have CONES
Male Pollen cones…pollen carried by
wind
Female Ovules under scales
All These Sexy Plants!
Time to Review
Plant structure and processes
1. Jenny is comparing the reproductive structures of different species in the plant kingdom. Which structures would most useful for determining angiosperms from gymnosperms?
A. Fruits and cones
B. Anthers and pistils
C. Xylem and phloem
D. Needles and pollen
Plant structure and processes
2. For which important process in the plant physiology do openings on the undersides of leaves need to be open?
A. Photosynthesis
B. Phototropism
C. Reproduction
D. Respiration
Plant structure and processes
3. The leaf cells of green plants usually contain thylakoids. The root cells of green plants do not usually contain these structures, or contain fewer of them. Which statement best explains why?
A. Root cells eject organelles to make space for water and nutrients to pass through the roots.
B. Roots cells are simpler and do not need energy to perform their specialized functions.
C. Leaf cells are large enough to contain thylakoids, but the root cells are not.
D. Leaf cells are the primary site for light-dependent chemical reactions.
Plant structure and processes
4. Which of the following events indicates that a plant’s reproductive system has successfully carried out its function?
A. A seed forms.
B. A flower opens.
C. A root system expands.
D. A sprout grows to maturity.
Plant structure and processes
5. Which type of dermal cell has more chloroplasts than other dermal cells because it has greater energy needs?
A. Cuticle
B. Guard cells
C. Lower epidermal cells
D. Upper epidermal cells
Plant structure and processes
6. What type of cell is indicated by label B?
A. An epidermal cell
B. A guard cell
C. A stomata
D. A nucleus
A
C
B
Plant structure and processes
7.What is one of the main advantages of asexual reproduction?
A. It occurs more slowly than sexual reproduction.
B. There is a smaller chance of mutation.
C. The offspring varies from the parent.
D. It creates more genetic variety.
Plant structure and processes
8.Which fact about the apical meristem makes this a good suggestion? (NNED DIAGRAM)
A. Enzymes in the apical meristem carry out DNA replication.
B. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells.
C. Auxins produced in the meristem inhibit the growth of lateral buds.
D. The apical meristem uses triphosphate (ATP) as its energy source.
ANSWERS
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. B