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Introduction To Life
Edgar Biology 1112
Mealworms
Fig. 1-15(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA
(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
KingdomPlantae
Kingdom Animalia
Metamorphosis
Order
1 µmOrganelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Cytoplasm
Membrane
DNA(no nucleus)
Membrane
Eukaryotic cellProkaryotic cellFig. 1-8
Reproduction
NucleicontainingDNA
Sperm cell
Egg cell
Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents
Embryo’s cells withcopies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traitsinherited fromboth parents
Fig. 1-9
Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of
DNA
Growth and Development
Energy Processing
Fig. 1-5
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Heat
Heat
Cyclingof
chemicalnutrients
Producers(plants and other photosynthetic
organisms)
Chemical energy
Consumers(such as animals)
Responseto stimuli
Fig. 1-4
The biosphere
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Ecosystems
Organs and organ systems
Cells
Cell
Organelles
Atoms
MoleculesTissues
10 µm
1 µm
50 µm
Emergent Properties, Reductionism, Systems Biology
Homeostasis
DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig. 1-20
Populationwith variedinherited traits.
Eliminationof individualswith certaintraits.
Reproductionof survivors.
Increasingfrequencyof traits that enhance survival and reproductive success.
4321
Terminalbud
Lateralbuds
Leaves
Kale
Stem
Brussels sprouts
Cauliflower
Cabbage
Kohlrabi
Wild mustard
Flowerclusters
Flowersand stems
Broccoli
• Note these important points – Individuals do not evolve: populations evolve– Natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable
traits; acquired characteristics cannot be passed on to offspring
– Evolution is not goal directed and does not lead to perfection; favorable traits vary as environments change
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.2 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
Chromosome with alleleconferring resistanceto pesticide
Additionalapplications willbe less effective, andthe frequency ofresistant insects inthe populationwill grow
Survivors
Pesticide application
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
MetacarpalsPhalanges
Human Cat Whale Bat
Pharyngealpouches
Post-analtail
Chick embryo Human embryo
Tetrapod limbs
Amnion
Lungfishes
Feathers
Amphibians
Mammals
Lizardsand snakes
2
Hawks andother birds
Ostriches
Crocodiles
1
3
4
5
6
Am
nio
tes
Tetrap
od
s
Bird
s
Genetic Drift