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Business Capability-centric Management of Services and Business Process Models
Supervisors: Dr. Edward Curry and Dr. Sami Bhiri
Examiners: Prof. Jan Mendling,Prof. François Charoy,and Prof. Dietrich Rebholz-Schuhmann
In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Insight Centre for Data Analytics at the National University of Ireland, Galway – College of Engineering and Informatics
December 2016
byWassim Derguech
Thesis Overview• ResearchProblem
– DescriptionsofITCapabilititesofservicesandprocessesareverydifficulttomanagebybusinessusers
• ProposedSolution– Buinesscapabilitiesconceptmodelofservicesandprocessesusedin3scenarios:(1)
indexinganddiscovery,(2)aggregationand(3)designofconfigurableprocessmodels• ResearchContributions
C1- Businesscapabilitymetamodel• Model’sconstructsvalidatedviaanontologicalevaluation• Intuitiveappealofthemodelevaluatedviainterviewswithdomainexperts
C2- Validationoftheapplicabilityofformalconceptanalysisfortime-efficientindexinganddiscoveryofbusinesscapabilitities
• Quantitativeevaluationshowstheindexinganddiscoveryperformsinlessthan200msoverasetof5000sensorcapabilitites
C3– Algorithmforbusinesscapabilityaggregation• StepsofthealgorithmareverifiedforbasicworkflowpatternsusingPetriNets• Usefulnessoftheapproachisevaluatedviainterviewswithdomainexperts
C4- Algorithmfordesigningcapability-enrichedconfigurableprocessmodels• Createsmodelsviamergeoperationinfewmsandreachacompressionrateof50%
2
• Context and Motivation
• Research Problem and Proposed Solution
C1 - Business Capability Meta Model• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C2 - Business Capability Indexing and Discovery• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C3 - Business Capability Aggregation• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C4 - Business Capability in Configurable process models• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
• Summary, Limitations, and Future Work
Outline
4
1
DesigningBPsandServices
Context
5
1
DesigningBPsandServices
A Business process is “a set of tasks, roles, and resources working in concert to achieve a business objective or goal.”[Business Process Modeling Languages and Tools, Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, 3rd Edt, 2015]
Context
6
1
DesigningBPsandServices
2Softwareengineer
ImplementationofBPsandServices
3
Context
7
1
DesigningBPsandServices
2Softwareengineer
ImplementationofBPsandServices
3
End Users
Discovery
Reuse
Context
Problem
8
1
DesigningBPsandServices
2Softwareengineer
ImplementationofBPsandServices
3
End Users
Discovery
Reuse
IT Expert IT Capability
IT Capability
IT E
xper
t
9
1
DesigningBPsandServices
2Softwareengineer
ImplementationofBPsandServices
3
End Users
Discovery
Reuse
IT Expert IT Capability
IT Capability
IT E
xper
tBusiness Expert Business Expert
Business & IT Capability
Problem
10
1
DesigningBPsandServices
2Softwareengineer
ImplementationofBPsandServices
3
End Users
Discovery
Reuse
Problem
11
1
DesigningBPsandServices
2Softwareengineer
ImplementationofBPsandServices
3
End Users
Discovery
Reuse
Business Processes and Servicesare not properly described froma business perspective
DiscoveryandComposition/aggregationofservicesis
basedonlyonITcapabilities,thusdifficulttounderstandbyBusiness
Experts
Reuse of services and processmodels requires extensive ITknowledge
Problem
12
1
DesigningBPsandServices
2Softwareengineer
ImplementationofBPsandServices
3
End Users
Discovery
Reuse
1.BusinessCapabilitymet-modelfordescribingservicesandbusinessprocessesusingbusinessproperties
2.IndexingandDiscoveryofServicesusingBusinessProperties
3.AggregationofBusinessCapabilities
4.Designingconfigurableprocessmodelsfeaturingbusinessproperties
Proposed Solution
Contributions and Requirements
13
Business Capability
Meta-Model
BusinessCapabilityMeta-Model
- Expressiveness- Inferences- Use-Of-Ontologies- Configuration
C1
Contributions and Requirements
14
Business Capability
Meta-Model
C2
BusinessCapabilityMeta-Model
BusinessCapabilityIndexing&Discovery
- Expressiveness- Inferences- Use-Of-Ontologies- Configuration
- Ontology-based- Timeefficient
C1
Contributions and Requirements
15
Business Capability
Meta-Model
C2 C3
BusinessCapabilityMeta-Model
BusinessCapabilityIndexing&Discovery
BusinessCapabilityAggregation
- Expressiveness- Inferences- Use-Of-Ontologies- Configuration
- Ontology-based- Timeefficient
C1- DetailedDescription
Contributions and Requirements
16
Business Capability
Meta-Model
C2 C3
C4BusinessCapabilityMeta-Model
BusinessCapabilityIndexing&Discovery
BusinessCapabilityAggregation
BusinessCapabilityinConfigurableProcessModels
- Expressiveness- Inferences- Use-Of-Ontologies- Configuration
- Ontology-based- Timeefficient
- DetailedDescription
- IntegrateBusinessCapabilitiesinprocessmodels
- Quickdesign- Compactmodels
C1
• Context and Motivation
• Research Problem and Proposed Solution
C1 - Business Capability Meta Model• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C2 - Business Capability Indexing and Discovery• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C3 - Business Capability Aggregation• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C4 - Business Capability in Configurable process models• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
• Summary, Limitations, and Future Work
Outline
18
Scenario 1: Modeling and Discovery of Services and Business Processes
Address check service
Tracking service
Utility services: customer identification, payment
processing, etc.
Rate query service
Findservicesthat“deliverapackage”inprogrammableweb.comResultsundertheshippingcategory[June2012]
Limits of current approaches (Modeling)
19
Expressiveness [Sycara] Inferences [Sycara]
Use-of-Ontologies [Sycara]
Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between
capabilities
Use of domain and
general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
[Sycara]P.K.Sycara etal.,Larks:DynamicMatchmakingAmongHeterogeneousSoftwareAgentsinCyberspace.AutonomousAgentsandMulti-AgentSystems.2002
Chap.2p.36
Limits of current approaches (Modeling)
20
*IOPE:Input,Output,PreconditionsandEffect[Sycara]P.K.Sycara etal.,Larks:DynamicMatchmakingAmongHeterogeneousSoftwareAgentsinCyberspace.AutonomousAgentsandMulti-AgentSystems.2002
Expressiveness [Sycara] Inferences [Sycara]
Use-of-Ontologies [Sycara]
Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between
capabilities
Use of domain and
general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
Semantic Web Services Models: WSMO and OWL-S
Part. Ful.
(categories)
Part. Ful.
(IOPE*) Fulfilled Part. Ful. Fulfilled Not Fulfilled
Semantic Annotation of services: SA-WSDLand SA-REST
Part. Ful.
(categories in modelReference)
Not Ful.
(Interactioninterfaces)
Fulfilled Not Ful. Fulfilled Not Fulfilled
Frame-based Models Fulfilled Not Ful. Fulfilled Part. Ful. Part. Ful. Not Fulfilled
Chap.2p.38
Limits of current approaches (Modeling)
21
Expressiveness [Sycara] Inferences [Sycara]
Use-of-Ontologies [Sycara]
Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between
capabilities
Use of domain and
general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
Semantic Web Services Models: WSMO and OWL-S
Part. Ful.
(categories)
Part. Ful.
(IOPE*) Fulfilled Part. Ful. Fulfilled Not Fulfilled
Semantic Annotation of services: SA-WSDLand SA-REST
Part. Ful.
(categories in modelReference)
Not Ful.
(Interactioninterfaces)
Fulfilled Not Ful. Fulfilled Not Fulfilled
Frame-based Models Fulfilled Not Ful. Fulfilled Part. Ful. Part. Ful. Not Fulfilled
*IOPE:Input,Output,PreconditionsandEffect[Sycara]P.K.Sycara etal.,Larks:DynamicMatchmakingAmongHeterogeneousSoftwareAgentsinCyberspace.AutonomousAgentsandMulti-AgentSystems.2002
Chap.2p.38
Limits of current approaches (Modeling)
22
Expressiveness [Sycara] Inferences [Sycara]
Use-of-Ontologies [Sycara]
Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between
capabilities
Use of domain and
general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
Semantic Web Services Models: WSMO and OWL-S
Part. Ful.
(categories)
Part. Ful.
(IOPE*) Fulfilled Part. Ful. Fulfilled Not Fulfilled
Semantic Annotation of services: SA-WSDLand SA-REST
Part. Ful.
(categories in modelReference)
Not Ful.
(Interactioninterfaces)
Fulfilled Not Ful. Fulfilled Not Fulfilled
Frame-based Models Fulfilled Not Ful. Fulfilled Part. Ful. Part. Ful. Not Fulfilled
*IOPE:Input,Output,PreconditionsandEffect[Sycara]P.K.Sycara etal.,Larks:DynamicMatchmakingAmongHeterogeneousSoftwareAgentsinCyberspace.AutonomousAgentsandMulti-AgentSystems.2002
Chap.2p.38
Solution: Frame-based modeling
23
• I model a business capability as an action category enriched by (zero or many) functional or non-functional properties
• An action category is the most abstract business capability
• Related properties refine the given category by giving more details about the corresponding action.
Capability1:ActionCategory=Shipping
Capability2:ActionCategory=ShippingItem=Package[MaxWeight=65Kg]
Capability3:ActionCategory=ShippingItem=Package[MaxWeight=65Kg]Area=Europe
Chap.3p.73
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:Modelling,interlinkinganddiscoveringcapabilities.AICCSA2013(bestpaper)WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:CapabilityModelling- CaseofLogisticsCapabilities.BusinessProcessManagementWorkshops2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:WebServiceCapabilityMetaModel.WEBIST2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:ModellingCapabilitiesasAttribute-FeaturedEntities.WEBIST(SelectedPapers)2012
Capability meta-model
24
Property_declaration
Property_entry
Property_value
defined.w.r.t
propertyValueCapability
Action_Category
achieves
hasProperty
Expressiveness Inferences Use-of-Ont Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between capabilities
Use of domain and general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
Configurable:bool
Chap.3p.73
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:Modelling,interlinkinganddiscoveringcapabilities.AICCSA2013(bestpaper)WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:CapabilityModelling- CaseofLogisticsCapabilities.BusinessProcessManagementWorkshops2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:WebServiceCapabilityMetaModel.WEBIST2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:ModellingCapabilitiesasAttribute-FeaturedEntities.WEBIST(SelectedPapers)2012
Capability meta-model
25
Property_declaration
Property_entry
Property_value
defined.w.r.t
propertyValueCapability
Action_Category
achieves
hasProperty
Expressiveness Inferences Use-of-Ont Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between capabilities
Use of domain and general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
Configurable:bool
Most_General_ValueSpecification_Relation
superValuespecificationRelation
isa
Chap.3p.73
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:Modelling,interlinkinganddiscoveringcapabilities.AICCSA2013(bestpaper)WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:CapabilityModelling- CaseofLogisticsCapabilities.BusinessProcessManagementWorkshops2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:WebServiceCapabilityMetaModel.WEBIST2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:ModellingCapabilitiesasAttribute-FeaturedEntities.WEBIST(SelectedPapers)2012
Capability meta-model
26
Expressiveness Inferences Use-of-Ont Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between capabilities
Use of domain and general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
Property_value
Range_value
Enumeration_value Single_value
Function_value
Constrained_value
Conditional_value
Expression
has_Valuehas_Element
has_Conditionhas_Function
has_Constraint
Chap.3p.75
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:Modelling,interlinkinganddiscoveringcapabilities.AICCSA2013(bestpaper)WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:CapabilityModelling- CaseofLogisticsCapabilities.BusinessProcessManagementWorkshops2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:WebServiceCapabilityMetaModel.WEBIST2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:ModellingCapabilitiesasAttribute-FeaturedEntities.WEBIST(SelectedPapers)2012
Capability meta-model
27
Expressiveness Inferences Use-of-Ont Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between capabilities
Use of domain and general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
CapabilityAActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=International
CapabilityCActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=InternationalMinWeight =68KgMaxWeight =1t
CapabilityBActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=InternationalMaxWeight =68Kg
CapabilityDActionCategory=Shipping
From=EuropeTo=Europe
MaxWeight =68Kg
extends
extends
Chap.3p.77
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:Modelling,interlinkinganddiscoveringcapabilities.AICCSA2013(bestpaper)WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:CapabilityModelling- CaseofLogisticsCapabilities.BusinessProcessManagementWorkshops2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:WebServiceCapabilityMetaModel.WEBIST2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:ModellingCapabilitiesasAttribute-FeaturedEntities.WEBIST(SelectedPapers)2012
Capability meta-model
28
Expressiveness Inferences Use-of-Ont Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between capabilities
Use of domain and general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
CapabilityAActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=International
CapabilityCActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=InternationalMinWeight =68KgMaxWeight =1t
CapabilityBActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=InternationalMaxWeight =68Kg
CapabilityDActionCategory=Shipping
From=EuropeTo=Europe
MaxWeight =68Kg
extends
extends
Given two capabilitites C1 and C2, C1 extends C2 if:1. ∀pr in C2.properties, pr in C1.properties2. ∀pr in C2.properties ∩ C1.properties,
C1.pr = C2.pr3. ∃pr’ in C1. properties and pr’ not in C2.properties
Chap.3p.77
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:Modelling,interlinkinganddiscoveringcapabilities.AICCSA2013(bestpaper)WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:CapabilityModelling- CaseofLogisticsCapabilities.BusinessProcessManagementWorkshops2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:WebServiceCapabilityMetaModel.WEBIST2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:ModellingCapabilitiesasAttribute-FeaturedEntities.WEBIST(SelectedPapers)2012
Capability meta-model
29
Expressiveness Inferences Use-of-Ont Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between capabilities
Use of domain and general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
CapabilityAActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=International
CapabilityCActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=InternationalMinWeight =68KgMaxWeight =1t
CapabilityBActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=InternationalMaxWeight =68Kg
CapabilityDActionCategory=Shipping
From=EuropeTo=Europe
MaxWeight =68Kg
extends
extends
specifies
Given two capabilitites C1 and C2, C1 specifies C2 if:1. ∀pr in C2.properties, pr in C1.properties2. ∀pr in C2.properties ∩ C1.properties,
C1.pr = C2.pr or C1.pr variantOf C2.pr3. ∃pr’ / C1.pr’ variantOf C2.pr’
Chap.3p.77
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:Modelling,interlinkinganddiscoveringcapabilities.AICCSA2013(bestpaper)WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:CapabilityModelling- CaseofLogisticsCapabilities.BusinessProcessManagementWorkshops2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:WebServiceCapabilityMetaModel.WEBIST2012SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,MaciejZaremba:ModellingCapabilitiesasAttribute-FeaturedEntities.WEBIST(SelectedPapers)2012
Capability meta-model
30
Expressiveness Inferences Use-of-Ont Configuration
Action Performed
Functional and non-functional
features
Simple and Complex
Types
Relationships between capabilities
Use of domain and general ontologies
Describe configurable capabilities
CapabilityAActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=International
CapabilityCActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=InternationalMinWeight =68KgMaxWeight =1t
CapabilityBActionCategory=Shipping
From=InternationalTo=InternationalMaxWeight =68Kg
CapabilityDActionCategory=Shipping
From=EuropeTo=Europe
MaxWeight =68Kg
extends
extends
specifies
Ontological Evaluation
31
• Objective: Verify that the model’s constructs are suitable for modeling (no ambiguity and no redundancy)
• Methodology [Bunge, Wand]
• Results:• The model does not generate semantic ambiguity• It avoids constructs overload and redundancy
[Bunge]M.Bunge.TreatiseonBasicPhilosophy.OntologyI:TheFurnitureoftheWorld.1977[Wand]Y.WandAnontologicalanalysisoftherelationshipconstructinconceptualmodeling.ACMTrans.DatabaseSyst.1999
Step 1:Map each of the model constructs to ontological concepts [Wand]
Step 2:Verify that the model verifies a set of rules [Wand]
Capability : ClassAction Category: Classachieves: Attribute…
Rule 6: null attributes have no meaning…
Chap.3p.91
Evaluation: Tool Support
32
2
1
3
ExtendedversionofEPCTools:abusinessprocessmodelingtoolusingEvent-drivenProcessChains(EPC)
Chap.3p.87
33
Evaluation: Interviews with domain expertsObjective:• Assess the intuitive appeal to end-
users?
Participants:• 5 experts: 2 project managers, 2
service providers and consumers, and 1 IT Engineer
Approach (1 hour per participant)• Introduction• Design capabilities in RDF• Demo of the tool support• Open discussion
Results:Positive feedback+ Current languages do not give much importance to business capabilities
+ The proposed model is seen as an addition rather than a substitution
+ Frame-based modeling is a good option
+ Extend current model to cover IT perspective
Negative feedback- RDF is not necessary the best implementation language
Chap.3p.96
Summary
34
Business Capability
Meta-Model
C2 C3
C4BusinessCapabilityMeta-Model
BusinessCapabilityIndexing&Discovery
BusinessCapabilityAggregation
BusinessCapabilityinConfigurableProcessModels
- RDF-basedmodel- Ontologicalevaluation- ExtendedversionofEPCTools
toannotateprocessactivitieswithcapabilities
- Interviews withdomainexperts
C1
• Context and Motivation
• Research Problem and Proposed Solution
C1 - Business Capability Meta Model• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C2 - Business Capability Indexing and Discovery• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C3 - Business Capability Aggregation• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C4 - Business Capability in Configurable process models• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
• Summary, Limitations, and Future Work
Outline
36
Limits of current approaches (Discovery)
Indexing Technique Ontology-based Discovery Time Performance
Inheritance between OWL-SServices [Elenius] NotFulfilled N/A
Topic Extraction and FCA [Aznag] Fulfilled 1088 service, query response time between 300 and 3000 ms
Reasoning-based Matchmaking [Srinivasan] Fulfilled 50 services, indexing + query in 4 s
Numerical Encoding of Ontological Concepts [Mokhtar] Fulfilled 100 services, indexing + query in 500
ms
Business Capability and FCA Fulfilled 5000 capabilities, indexing and discovery in 200 ms
[Elenius]D.Elenius etal.,TheOWL-Seditor- Adevelopmenttoolforse- manticwebservices.ESWC2005[Aznag]M.Aznag etal.,Leveragingformalconceptanalysiswithtopiccorrelationforserviceclusteringanddiscovery.ICWS2014[Srinivasan]N.Srinivasanetal.AddingOWL-StoUDDI,ImplementationandThroughput.SWSWPC2004[Mokhtar]A.BenMokhtaretal.EASY:EfficientsemAntic ServicediscoverY inpervasivecomputingenvironmentswithQoS andcontextsupport.JournalofSystemsandSoftware.2008
Reasoning-basedsolutions
Chap.2p.51
Solution based in Formal Concept Analysis
37
•FCA [Ganter] is a technique that evolves form mathematical lattice theory used for data analysis
•A tool for identifying meaningful relationships within a set of objects that share common properties
•It provides a theoretical model to build from a formal context a partially ordered structure called concept lattice
Active Storage Option
Digital Display
Accessible
SensorCap1 X X X X
SensorCap2 X X X
SensorCap3 X X X
SensorCap4 X X X
SensorCap5 X
[Ganter]B.Ganter andR.Wille.Formalconceptanalysis- mathematicalfoundations.1999Chap.5p.132
Evaluation (1) à Applicability
38
• Objective: Assess the applicability of the approach in interpreting the identified classes and relations between them
• Dataset:• Real world sensors deployed within the Linked Energy Intelligence (LEI)
dataspace [Curry] realised in Insight building
• Sensors deployed :• 50 energy sensors• 20 light and heater energy consumption• 8 temperature and motion detection
• Properties: Active, Phenomenon Observed, Protocol, Electricity Phases and Location
[Curry]E.Curryetal.,Enterpriseenergymanagementusingalinkeddataspace forenergyintelligence.SustainIT 2012
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SouleimanHasan,SamiBhiri,EdwardCurry:OrganizingCapabilitiesUsingFormalConceptAnalysis.WETICE2013
Chap.5p.139
39
Evaluation (1) à Applicability
Allthesensorsareactive
Thesetofalltemperature sensors
Thesetofallmotion sensors
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SouleimanHasan,SamiBhiri,EdwardCurry:OrganizingCapabilitiesUsingFormalConceptAnalysis.WETICE2013
Chap.5p.145
Evaluation (2) à Time Performance
40
Indexingofupto1000sensorcapabilities• Measurethesizeofresultingconceptlattice
Indexingstructurereducesthesearchspaceifthepropertiesarecarefullychosen Indexingtimeislessthan200ms
Contextsize
Latticesiz
eIndexing5000sensorcapabilities• Measuretherequiredtimetoconstructand
parsethelattice
Syntheticdatasetofsensorcapabilititeswithupto16properties
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:
WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri,SouleimanHasan,EdwardCurry:UsingFormalConceptAnalysisforOrganizingandDiscoveringSensorCapabilities.ComputerJournal,2015(nominatedforbestpaperaward2016)
Chap.5p.146
Summary
41
Business Capability
Meta-Model
C2 C3
C4BusinessCapabilityMeta-Model
BusinessCapabilityIndexing&Discovery
BusinessCapabilityAggregation
BusinessCapabilityinConfigurableProcessModels
- FCA-basedsolution
- Timeefficient:5000capabilitiesindexedin200ms
C1
• Context and Motivation
• Research Problem and Proposed Solution
C1 - Business Capability Meta Model• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C2 - Business Capability Indexing and Discovery• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C3 - Business Capability Aggregation• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C4 - Business Capability in Configurable process models• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
• Summary, Limitations, and Future Work
Outline
43
Scenario 2: What do Business Processes Achieve?
What is being achieved? What are the parameters? 102
pages!!!
44
Scenario 2: What do Business Processes Achieve?
What is being achieved? What are the parameters? 102
pages!!!
45
What is the business capability of an entire Process (atomic vs. aggregated capabilities)?
Abst
ract
ion
cap1 cap2
cap3
cap4
AggregatedCapability?
ActionCategory? Properties?
Limits of current approaches (BP Abstraction)
46
Aggregation Technique Aggregated Capability
Elimination of Activities [Reichert] No Capability
Using Structural Patterns [Reichert, Eshuis, Polyvyanyy ] No Capability
Similarity Measures [Smirnov1] No Capability
Lexical Relationship between Words [Leopold] Activity Labels only
Using Meronymy Trees [Smirnov2] Activity Labels only
Propagation of IOPEs [Vulcu] IOPE
Business Capability Aggregation Algorithm Business Capability
[Reichert]M.Reichertetal.,Enablingper- sonalized visualizationoflargebusinessprocessesthroughparameterizable views.SAC2012[Eshuis]R.Eshuis etal.Transactional processviews.OTM2011[Polyvyanyy]A.Polyvyanyy etal.,ReducingcomplexityoflargeEPCs.GI2008[Smirnov1]S.Smirnovetal.Asemanticapproachforbusinessprocessmodelabstraction.CAiSE2011[Smirnov12]S.Smirnovetal.Meronymy-basedaggregationofactivitiesinbusinessprocessmodels.ER2010[Vulcu]G.Vulcu etal.Semantically-enabledBusinessProcessModelsDiscovery.IJBPIM2011[Leopold]H.Leopold etal.,Simplifying process modelabstraction:Techniques for generating modelnames.Inf.Syst., 2014
Chap.2p.47
Determining the Action Category
47
cap2
cap3
cap4cap1
ActionCategory=LowestCommonAncestorofalltheActionCategories ofthecomponentcapabilities.
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:
WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:BusinessProcessModelOverview:DeterminingtheCapabilityofaProcessModelUsingOntologies.BIS2013
Chap.4p.109
Determining the Properties
48
• Idea: propagate the properties starting from initial node to the end node.
• Each fired node introduces some changes on the propagated properties.
• The set of propagated attributes is marked on the edges of the model.
• Valid for all basic workflow patterns è I use the token propagation game similar to colored PetriNets
Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:
WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:BusinessProcessModelOverview:DeterminingtheCapabilityofaProcessModelUsingOntologies.BIS2013
Chap.4p.112
Evaluation: Tool Support
49
1
2
3
ExtendedversionofEPCTools:abusinessprocessmodelingtoolusingEvent-drivenProcessChains(EPC)
Chap.4p.123
50
Objective:• Assess the usefulness of the
approach by end-users?
Participants:• 5 experts: 2 system architects, 1
project manager, 1 IT Engineer, and 1 Consultant and trainer
Approach (1 hour per participant)• Introduction• Manual aggregation• Demo of the tool support• Open discussion
Evaluation: Interviews with domain experts
Results:Positive feedback+ Promising direction towards users understanding (influenced by the tool support)
+ Use of ontologies is widely accepted in industry
+ Results of the aggregations can be used for generating the documentation of processes
Negative feedback- The proposed work needs to be adapted to currently used modeling languages to be adopted
Thisworkhasbeensubmittedto:WassimDerguech,EdwardCurry,SamiBhiri.AggregationofBusinessCapabilities:DeterminingtheActionsandPropertiesofKnowledge-CentricBusinessProcesses,ACMTrans.Internet Technology(underreview)
Chap.4p.124
Summary
51
Business Capability
Meta-Model
C2 C3
C4BusinessCapabilityMeta-Model
BusinessCapabilityIndexing&Discovery
BusinessCapabilityAggregation
BusinessCapabilityinConfigurableProcessModels
- Aggregationalgorithm- ColoredPetriNetforsteps’validation- Interviewwithdomainexperttoassessusefullness
C1
• Context and Motivation
• Research Problem and Proposed Solution
C1 - Business Capability Meta Model• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C2 - Business Capability Indexing and Discovery• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C3 - Business Capability Aggregation• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C4 - Business Capability in Configurable process models• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
• Summary, Limitations, and Future Work
Outline
53
Reuse-oriented technique Integration of Business Cap. Quick Design Compact Model
Most BP repositories Labels,textualdescription(+semanticannotations) N/A Not Fulfilled
Placeholders Refinement: Late Modeling
Labels + textualdescriptions Not Fulfilled Fulfilled
Hierarchical ReferenceModels
Captured but not linked to the model Part. Fulfilled Fulfilled
Configurable Process Models
Captured in terms of questions but manually maintained
Fulfilled Fulfilled
Limits of current approaches (BP Reuse)
Thisworkhasbeenacceptedforpublicationin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri,EdwardCurry:TechniquesforReuseinBusinessProcessModelinginPublicAdministration.Government3.0-NextGenerationGovernmentTechnologyInfrastructureandServices(toappear)
Chap.2p.67
54
Limits of current approaches (BP Reuse)
Thisworkhasbeenacceptedforpublicationin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri,EdwardCurry:TechniquesforReuseinBusinessProcessModelinginPublicAdministration.Government3.0-NextGenerationGovernmentTechnologyInfrastructureandServices(toappear)
Reuse-oriented technique Integration of Business Cap. Quick Design Compact Model
Most BP repositories Labels,textualdescription(+semanticannotations) N/A Not Fulfilled
Placeholders Refinement: Late Modeling
Labels + textualdescriptions Not Fulfilled Fulfilled
Hierarchical ReferenceModels
Captured but not linked to the model Part. Fulfilled Fulfilled
Configurable Process Models
Captured in terms of questions but manually maintained
Fulfilled Fulfilled
Business Capability-annotated ConfigrableProcess Models
Integrated + automatically generated
Automated algorithm merges in few milliseconds
Fulfilled
Chap.2p.67
Configurable Business Process Models
55
X-Rayvariant Advancedvariant
ConfigurableProcess Model
Register for checking
Check documents
Advanced check of goodsX-Ray scan
X-Ray Advanced
Integrated representation of multiple process variants for achieving the same goal in a given domain, which can be configured for a specific setting, leading to an individualized process model.
commonality
=variability
+ variationpoint
common practice forX-Ray checking of goods
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X-Ray Scan
common practice foradvanced checking of goods
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Check documents
Advanced check of goods
[AdaptedfromM.LaRosa2009]
56
X-Rayvariant Advancedvariant
ConfigurableProcess Model
Register for checking
Check documents
Advanced check of goodsX-Ray scan
X-Ray Advanced
Integrated representation of multiple process variants for achieving the same goal in a given domain, which can be configured for a specific setting, leading to an individualized process model.
=+ variationpoint
common practice forX-Ray checking of goods
Register for checking
Check documents
X-Ray Scan
common practice foradvanced checking of goods
Register for checking
Check documents
Advanced check of goods
[AdaptedfromM.LaRosa2009]
Behaviour Subsumption:Output model shouldsubsume the behaviour of allinput models1Traceability: Elements of
the resulting model can be traced back to their original model1
Reversability: Resulting models can generate input models (as well as new ones)1
Configurable Business Process Models
1 LaRosaM.etal.,BusinessProcessModelMerging:AnApproachtoBusinessProcessConsolidation.ACMTrans.Softw.Eng.Methodol.2013
Chap.6p.152
57
Step 1/4: Identification of common elements
• Events have the same label• Distributional Semantics
can be used in case labels are not identical
• Functions have the same action category• I assume that models are
annotated with concepts from the same domain ontologies
• Otherwise ontology matching is required
Solution:Creatingconfigurablemodelsfrombusinesscapability-annotatedbusinessprocessmodels
Chap.6p.163
58
Step 2/4: creating configurable capabilities
:CHKRequestByManager_Cap_Aacmm:Capability ;cmm:achievesbt:CHKTravelRequestByManager;bt:decision bt:accept ,bt:reject.
+ =CHKRequestbyManager
CHKRequestbyManager
CHKRequestbyManager
:CHKRequestByManager_Cap_Macmm:Capability ;cmm:achievesbt:CHKTravelRequestByManager;bt:decision bt:accept ,bt:reject,bt:adjust.
:CHKRequestByManager_Cap_AMacap:ConfigurableCapability ;cmm:achievesbt:CHKTravelRequestByManager;bt:decision [acmm:ConfigurableValue ;
cmm:hasOption :option1,:option2.
:option1cmm:hasValuebt:accept ,bt:reject.
:option2cmm:hasValue bt:accept,bt:reject,bt:adjust.].
Solution:Creatingconfigurablemodelsfrombusinesscapability-annotatedbusinessprocessmodels
Chap.6p.166
59
Step 3/4: Resolving syntactic issues
EPCRule:Eventnodeshaveasingleincoming/outgoingnode
EPCRule:Eventnodeshaveasingleincoming/outgoingnode
Solution:Creatingconfigurablemodelsfrombusinesscapability-annotatedbusinessprocessmodels
Chap.6p.169
60
Step 4/4: Reducing Connector chains
Solution:Creatingconfigurablemodelsfrombusinesscapability-annotatedbusinessprocessmodels
Chap.6p.171
• Objective: Measure the time required for merging process variants and the compression rate gained after applying the algorithm
• Methodology [La Rosa 2013]: 1. Measure the total number of nodes of input models2. Merge models and measure the required time (without interruption) 3. Measure the number of nodes of the resulting merged model before & after the
reduction
• Dataset [Gottschalk CAiSE09]: 4 real world business processes from Dutch municipalities:
1. Acknowledging an unborn child2. Registering a newborn3. Marriage4. Issuing a death certificate
• Each process has 5 variants è 5 x 4 = 20 models– Available in Protos [Protos] modelling notation è translated manually into EPC
61
[LaRosa2013]LaRosaM.etal.,BusinessProcessModelMerging:AnApproachtoBusinessProcessConsolidation.ACMTrans.Softw.Eng.Meth.2013[GottschalkCAiSE09]GottschalkF.etal.,ConfigurableProcessModels:ExperiencesfromaMunicipalityCaseStudy.CAiSE 2009[Protos]Protos ispartofPallasAthena'sBPMtoolsetBPM|one
Evaluation: Execution time and compression rate
Chap.6p.177
62
n Compression rate è Around 50%
n Execution Time è Millisecondsincontrastto130manhourformerging25%ofanenterpriseprocessmodels[LaRosa2010].
n Complexity è O(|S|*|N|2) where |S| is the number of the input models and |N| is the total number of nodes of the largest model.
Input sizeOutput size
before reduction
Output sizeafter
reduction
Execution time (ms)
P1 190 (29+56+52+29+24) 131 (31%) 71 (62%) 157P2 347(63+84+73+57+70) 276 (20%) 180 (48%) 235P3 507(76+127+127+114+63) 298 (41%) 214 (57%) 407P4 355(56+111+91+67+30) 266 (25%) 160 (54%) 282
[LaRosa2010]LaRosaM.etal.:MergingBusinessProcessModels.OTM2010Thisworkhasbeenpublishedin:WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:AnAutomationSupportforCreatingConfigurableProcessModels.WISE2011WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:MergingBusinessProcessVariants.BIS2011WassimDerguech,FengGao,SamiBhiri:ConfigurableProcessModelsforLogisticsCaseStudyforCustomsClearanceProcesses.BPM’11Workshops
Evaluation: Execution time and compression rate
Chap.6p.177
Chap.6p.174
Evaluation: Tool Support
63
1
2
ExtendedversionofEPCTools:abusinessprocessmodelingtoolusingEvent-drivenProcessChains(EPC)
Chap.6p.176
64
Objective:• Assess the usefulness of the
approach by end-users?
Participants:• 5 experts: 2 system architects, 1
project manager, 1 IT Engineer, and 1 Consultant and trainer
Approach (1 hour per participant)• Introduction• Manual merge• Demo of the tool support• Open discussion
Evaluation: Interviews with domain experts
Results:Positive feedback+ All experts are aware of the use of reference models, but configuring them from an IT perspective
+ Small models can be merged easily but large ones need support à the tool support was very appreciated
Neutral feedback+- Full automation is not always needed
Negative feedback- Single capability ontology was pointed as a weak point
Chap.6p.180
Objectives and Requirements
65
Business Capability
Meta-Model
C2 C3
C4BusinessCapabilityMeta-Model
BusinessCapabilityIndexing&Discovery
BusinessCapabilityAggregation
BusinessCapabilityinConfigurableProcessModels
- Algorithmforcreatingconfigurableprocessmodelswithcapabilities asconfigurationoptions
- Compressionratearound50%- Executiontimeinfewms- Evaluatedviainterviewswith
domainexperts
C1
• Context and Motivation
• Research Problem and Proposed Solution
C1 - Business Capability Meta Model• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C2 - Business Capability Indexing and Discovery• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C3 - Business Capability Aggregation• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
C4 - Business Capability in Configurable process models• Limits of current approaches, solution and evaluation
• Summary, Limitations, and Future Work
Outline
Summary of Research Contributions
C3 - Business capability aggregation algorithm for determining the business capability of a process model
• Steps of the algorithm are verified for basic workflow patterns using PetriNets• Usefulness of the approach is evaluated via interviews with domain experts
67
C2 C3
C4
C1
C1- Businesscapabilitymetamodel• Modelconstructsarevalidatedviaanontological
evaluation• Intuitiveappealofthemodelisevaluatedviainterviews
withdomainexperts
C2- Validationoftheapplicabilityofformalconceptanalysisfortime-efficientindexinganddiscoveryofbusinesscapabilitities
• Quantitativeevaluationshowstheindexinganddiscoveryperformsinlessthan200msoverasetof5000sensorcapabilitites
C4- Algorithmfordesigningconfigurableprocessmodelscapturingconfigurationoptionsasbusinesscapabilityparameters
• Createsmodelsviamergeoperationinfewmsandreachacompressionrateof50%• Usefulnessoftheapproachisevaluatedviainterviewswithdomainexperts
Resultsofthisworkhavebeenpublishedin7conferences,2Workshops,1Journal,and1BookChapters
Limitations
C3. Business Capability Aggregation• Withoutbusinesscapabilityannotations,thealgorithmlimitsthe
resultstoactivitylabels• Theaggregationscanbecomputedonlyforwellstructuredmodels
68
C2 C3
C4
C1C1.BusinessCapabilityModelling:• BusinessCapabilitiesdescribeonlycoarse-grained
semantics,notapplicableinservicescomposition
C2.BusinessCapabilityIndexingandDiscovery• LimitedFCAscalingoperations,notusingalltypesof
properties
C4.BusinessCapabilityinConfigurableProcessModels• Allinputprocessmodelshavetobeannotatedwiththesamecapabilityontology
Future Research Directions
C3. On Business Capability Aggregation• Extend the approach to evaluate other aspects such as the cost of
processes
69
C2 C3
C4
C1C1.BusinessCapabilityModelling:• Inferringothertypesofrelationsbetween
capabilities• Automaticgenerationofcapabilitiesofservicesand
processesfromexistingdescriptions• Documentationgeneration
C2.CapabilityIndexingandDiscovery• Maintainabilityoftheindexingstructure
C4.BusinessCapabilityinConfigurableProcessModels• CovertheentirecycleofBusinessCapability-drivenconfiguration• Processminingforrecommendingconfigurationoptions
This work has been published in
C2.OnCapabilityIndexingandDiscovery1. WassimDerguech,Souleiman Hasan,SamiBhiri,EdwardCurry:Organizing
CapabilitiesUsingFormalConceptAnalysis.WETICE20132. WassimDerguech,Sami Bhiri,Souleiman Hasan,EdwardCurry:Using Formal
ConceptAnalysisforOrganizingandDiscoveringSensorCapabilities.ComputerJournal,2015(nominatedforbestpaperaward2016)
70
C2 C3
C4
C1
C1.OnBusinessCapabilityModelling:1. WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:Modelling,interlinkingand
discoveringcapabilities.AICCSA2013(bestpaper)2. WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:CapabilityModelling - Caseof
LogisticsCapabilities.BusinessProcessManagementWorkshops2012
3. SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,Maciej Zaremba:WebServiceCapabilityMetaModel.WEBIST2012
4. SamiBhiri,WassimDerguech,Maciej Zaremba:ModellingCapabilitiesasAttribute-FeaturedEntities.WEBIST(SelectedPapers)2012
This work has been published in
71
C2 C3
C4
C1
C4.OnConfigurableProcessModelsDesign1. WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri,EdwardCurry:TechniquesforReusein
BusinessProcessModelinginPublicAdministration.Government3.0- NextGenerationGovernmentTechnologyInfrastructureandServices(toappear)
2. WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:AnAutomationSupportforCreatingConfigurableProcessModels.WISE2011
3. WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:MergingBusinessProcessVariants.BIS20114. WassimDerguech,Feng Gao,SamiBhiri:ConfigurableProcessModelsfor
Logistics:StudyforCustomsClearanceProcesses.BPM’11Workshops
C3.OnBusinessCapabilityAggregation1. WassimDerguech,SamiBhiri:BusinessProcessModel
Overview:DeterminingtheCapabilityofaProcessModelUsingOntologies.BIS2013
Other related publications
72
C2 C3
C4
C11. Wassim Derguech:Towardsaframeworkforbusinessprocessmodelsreuse.CAiSE DoctoralConsortium2010
2. Wassim Derguech,GabrielaVulcu,andSamiBhiri.Anindexingstructureformaintainingconfigurableprocessmodels.EMMSAD,2010
3. GabrielaVulcu,SamiBhiri,Wassim Derguech,andMariaIbanez.Semantically-enabledbusinessprocessmodelsdiscovery.IJBPIM2011
4. Wassim Derguech andSamiBhiri.Reuse-orientedbusinessprocessmodeleing basedonahierachical structure.BPM’10Workshops