Classification

Classification of Living Things

What is Life????

MetabolismGrowthReproductionResponse to stimuliAdaptation to the environment

How do we classify living organisms?

We use a system that is credited to Carolus Linnaeus called: Binomial

nomenclatureThis mean 2-name, naming.

Before we get to that we will start with much larger systems

KINGDOM

The top-level, or nearly the top-level, taxon of organisms in scientific classification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_classification

PHYLUM

Phyla represent the largest generally accepted groupings of animals and

other living things with certain evolutionary traits

CLASS

a rank in the scientific classification of animals and plants in biology.It is It is

below phylum and above order.

ORDER

The area of scientific classification in biology between class and family

FAMILY

The area of biological classification of highly related organisms between

order and genus. Next to genus and species this is the most important area

of classification

GENUS and SPECIES

In the binomial nomenclature used worldwide, the name of an organism is

composed of two parts: its genus name (always capitalized) and a species modifier (known as the

"epithet")

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species

In a nutshell….Every time you use binomialNomenclature (Genus species), You are also representing allOf the classifications abovethem

What are some differences in Kingdoms?There are a lot of reasons that organisms

are classified into different kingdoms, phylums, etc. Let’s look at some:

The type of cell

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

The way they eat

Autotrophs: self-feeding. They make their own food; like plants, algae, etc

Heterotrophs: Different feeding; that is that they must consume food made outside of themselves

The way they reproduce

Sexual reproductionAsexual reproduction

The method of consumption:

CarnivorousHerbivorousOmnivorousParasiticSaprophytic

The way that they “breathe”

Aerobic respirationAnaerobic respiration

OK Lets look at some Kingdoms

MONERA

BacteriaCyanobacteia: Blue-Green AlgaeViruses????????

Monerans are classified by:

Prokaryotic-no nucleusAsexualMany are autotrophic: light, nitrogen,

sulfurMany are anaerobicMany have cilia or flagella

Evolution of Monera

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Structures

Notice the lack of a nucleus



Types of bacteria: Shapes

Bacteria genus are named for their shapes

What about viruses????

They are not always classified as living organisms since they do not fulfill the criteria of living things without the assistance of another living cell

West Nile virus

Often viruses need more than one host



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Here is what a virus looks like

Scary



What is Blue-green Algae?

Cyanobacteria: prokaryotesAutotrophicVery primitivePhotosynthetic

– Chlorophyll



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote

Blue-Green Algae Images

Care for a swim? Algae blooms

Microscopic views

Kingdom Protista

Meaning the first, These are the first Eukaryotic organisms

UnicelledMost are aquaticAll move on their own abilityMany can be parasitic3 subcatagories

Animal-likeProtozoansParamecium

– Move by cilia/FlagellaProtectionFeedingMovement

– Many are parasites

Giardia is a common example ofparamecium

Giardia

Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract and causes giardiasis. Fecal

transfer in water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

Plant-like

Photosynthetic autotrophsAquaticMobile by flagellaEuglena and certain algae

Euglena

A duck pond with Euglena blooms

Close-ups

Really close up-Euglena

Fungi-Like Protists

Amoeba– Move by pseudopods– No definite shape– “Ingest” food by Phagocytosis– Reproduce by binary fission– Fresh water mostly

Amoeba Structures

Microscopic Views-Amoeba

Kingdom Fungi

Cells have cell walls (chitin) Multicelled - coenocytic Digest cellulose mostly Usually saprophytic/some parasites) Reproduction: Spore (asexual and sexual),

fragmentation, budding First sexual reproduction Mycelium Mutual (symbiotic) relationships

5 Phyla

4 Phyla are based on the fungi sexual reproduction methods and one based on the fact that it has NO sexual reproduction

Fungi Phyla

Chytridiomycota

The “first”fungus




Zygomycota

The “sugar” fungus



Mycelium and spores







Ascomycota

The sac fungi75% of all fungiBread mold including peniciliumLichens

Reproduction of ascomycota



Lichens

A symbiotic realtionship between algae and a specie of ascomycota

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Basidiomycota

Club fungiProduce large fruiting bodies to release

spores



Mushrooms

The fruiting body of a mushroom is only a small portion of the actual mushroom organism

Mycelium make up the majority

Mushrooms are very diverse



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Many Mushrooms are deadlyNever eat a mushroom unless you

have had it professionally identifiedAvoid any bright mushroom;especially

with white spots








Deuteromycota

No sexual stageNot really a “fungi”Because of this


Penecillium

Plant Kingdom

Multi-celled organismsCell wall (with cellulose)Photoautotrophs Plastids

– Chloroplasts– Chromoplasts– Leucoplasts

Water vacuolesAlmost all sexual reproduction

Plant cell structure

Classification

Classification is based on reproduction types (flowers, seeds, spores, cone) and presence of different tissues







SporesA small, usually single-celled reproductive

body that is highly resistant to desiccation and heat and is capable of growing into a new organism, produced especially by certain bacteria, fungi, algae, and non-flowering plants-haploid


SeedsA ripened

plant ovule containing an embryo-diploid QuickTime™ and a

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Vascular Tissue in plants

Phloem-transfers food down to rootsXylem-transfers water up from roots

and throughout plantCross section

of a stem showing vascular bundlesQuickTime™ and a


Cones-To fertilize and protect the “naked” seed-GymnospermsThis is a primitive trait






Male cone

Femalecone

Flowers-Angiosperms use for fertilization and development of fruit and seeds



Fruits and BerriesThe sole

purpose of fruits and berries of angiosperms is for reproduction and dispersal




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Bryophytes

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts– Non-vascular – Get water from surroundings– Spore not seed reproduction

Ferns and Horsetails

Ferns and horsetails have a vascular system to transport fluids through their bodies but like the mosses, they reproduce from spores rather than seeds

Gymnosperms

Conifers-cone bearing More advanced Reproduce from

seeds Seeds are “naked” not

covered by ovary Fertilization and seed

development by cones

AngiospermsFlowering Monocots

Monocots start with one seed-leaf– Single cotyledon: small

leaf in seed for Young plant development

Main venation is unbranched and parallel

Usually fleshy Lacking certain

arrangements of vascular tissue

Orchids, lillys, etc

AngiospermsFlowering Dicots

Most plants we see are in this group. Have 2 cotyledons Many have woody tissue Contain vascular bundles Leaf venation is branched



Dicot/Monocot seedlings



Plant Structure



The Animal Kingdom

Multi-cellular No cell wall Capacity for locomotion Heterotrophic Strong response to

stimuli Restricted growth Almost all sexual

reproduction



Invertebrates

Animals with no backbone

Most have an exoskelaton or no skelaton

No central nervous system

No “brain” Ectothermic



Vertebrates

Animals with back-bones

Most have endoskelaton

Many advanced have central nervous system

Many have a “brain” Many are

endothermic



Nine PhylumsTHE INVERTEBRATES THE VERTEBRATESPorifera ChordataCnidariaPlatyhelminthesNematodaAnnelidaArthropodaMolluscaEchinodermata

Coelom-Body cavityAcoelomate-no

body cavityPseudocoelomate

-false body cavityEucoelomate

(coelomate)-true body cavity



Coelom Comparison



Body Symmetry

Asymmetrical– primitive

Radial symmetry– more advanced

Bilateral symmetry– most advanced



Porifera: Pore-bearing



Cnidaria: Stinging animals

Coral Sea Anenome Jellyfish Portuguese

Man of war Stinging cells

– nematocysts Tentacles



Platyhelminthes: Flat-worms

Absorb nutrients

Parasitic Hermaphroditic QuickTime™ and a


Nematoda: Round wormsOften

parasiticDigestive

systemNervous

systemMale and

femalePseudo-

coelom



Annelida: Segmented worm Earthworm, leechCoelomSystems

– Circulatory– Nervous– Digestive







Arthropoda-jointed foot

Jointed appendeges

Segmented bodys

Tough ectoskelaton

Coelom



Mollusca: Mollusks

Bilateral symmetry Specialized foot to

move Mantle with gills/lung,

secretes shell Body cavity (coelom)

present Many sensory organs



Echinodermata- spiny skin

EndoskelatonSpiny skinWater

Vascular system

Tube feet5 part radial

symmetryCoelom



Chordata-The Chordates Notochord Gill slits Dorsal, hollow

nerve chord “brain” Include:

vertibrates, Cephalochordates, Urochordates



Notochord

A rod-like structure for support and protection in the phylum Chordata



Classes of the Chordates Agnatha-jawless fish-lamprey Chondricthyes- Cartilaginous fish Ostyichthyes- Boney fish Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

– Subclass-monotremes– Subclass-marsupials– Subclass-placentals

Agnatha

Class ChondricthyesSharksRaysCartilagenous

backboneQuickTime™ and a


Class Ostyichthyes- boney fishBoney (calcium based) skelaton





Class Amphibia- Amphibians Meaning dual life: aquatic/terrestrial Toads, frogs, salomanders







Class Reptilia- ReptilesScaly skin, clawsSnakes, Lizards, Turtles




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Class Aves-BirdsFeathers, flight, egg bearing,lightweight

bones, endothermic



Class Mammalia-Mammals

Hair, nurse young, bear live young



Mammal-Subclass Monotremes

Egg-bearing mammalsDuck-billed platypus, Spiny anteater



Mammals-Subclass MarsupialEarly birth, child develop in pouch

(marsupium)Kangaroo,







Mammals-Subclass PlacentalFull development of young inside

mother









Technology

Classification