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Africa | Digital Terrestrial TV to drive solar power uptake • The imminent arrival of Digital Terrestrial TV (DTT) in Africa will have a

significant impact on the drive for greater electrification in rural areas.

• The migration from analogue to 2nd generation of digital television broadcasting DVB-T2 is about to take place across the continent of Africa.

• There is a groundswell of interest in DTT as it will offer viewers substantially more terrestrial television channels than are currently available. The technology will help improve the picture and sound quality of broadcast programmes and also give viewers access to radio and a host of other value-add services.

• However, the major problem facing countries throughout Africa is the limited availability of electricity in remote settlements.

The graph shows the average access of the population to electricity in 2012 (World Bank).

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Case Benin | Access to electricity (% of population) • Percentage of households connected to the Société Béninoise

d'Energie Electrique (SBEE) electricity network in 20151.

Source: ECEB, INSAE, 2015

16,5

31,4

55,7

10,4

22,1

7,9

35,7

88,5

34,0

49,6

31,9

37,2

54,5

20,8

34,7

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0

ALIBORI

ATACORA

ATLANTIQUE

BORGOU

COLLINES

COUFFO

DONGA

LITTORAL

MONO

OUEME

PLATEAU

ZOU

Département

Urbain

Rural

Milieu de résidence

Ensemble

Pourcentage de ménages

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Huge off-grid solar requirement in Africa • For many households it could take as long as

ten years before electrification is achieved due the high costs associated with providing links to a national energy grid in far-flung locations.

• Even for those rural areas that have access to grid power, the connections are generally unreliable due to frequent power outages – often as a result of cable theft - or due to load shedding when consumer demand exceeds the supply capabilities of over-stressed, aging power generating plants.

• The only viable option for rural households – if costly, fossil-fuelled generator power is discounted – is renewable energy with new-generation, low-cost hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) solutions being the preferred choice.

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Case Benin | Global irradiation and solar electricity potential2 Sum of global irradiation

per square meter Electricity production 1 kWp (Losses: 28.1%)

Average daily monthly daily monthly

Month kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh kWh

Jan 6,01 186 4,33 134

Feb 6,23 175 4,43 124

Mar 6,89 214 4,84 150

Apr 6,27 188 4,45 133

May 5,90 183 4,23 131

Jun 5,35 161 3,89 117

Jul 4,71 146 3,41 106

Aug 4,42 137 3,19 99

Sep 4,87 146 3,51 105

Oct 5,52 171 3,96 123

Nov 5,84 175 4,17 125

Dec 5,78 179 4,14 128

Yearly average 5,65 172 4,04 123

Total for year 2.060

1.480

Location: 9°18'27" North, 2°18'57" East, Elevation: 305 m a.s.l. Fixed system: inclination=0°, orientation=0°

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The True Cost of Kerosene in Rural Africa • Across five African countries, the median price per liter of kerosene sold in

small quantities in the rural villages was 35% higher than the median price recorded in the urban centers, $1.30 versus $0.96 in 2010 / 2011 cf. Lighting Africa, April 25, 20123.

Cidi 3.420 = $0.78

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Off-grid families spend per month • A kerosene lamp producing 37 lumens for 4 hours per day will consume about

3 litres of kerosene per month.

~$4-5 per kerosene lamps for light ~$3 on mobile charging ($0.20/charge)

• Rural families lighting their homes with kerosene lamps will likely be faced with a choice; they will have to decide whether to allocate less money to other daily necessities or to have fewer hours of nightly illumination.

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Simple PayGo energy | 2.5W Solar Home System

• Good quality modern off-grid lamps offer an alternative. An investment in a Solar Home System can rapidly save families money after a short payback period. This period is even shorter for rural families that light their homes with kerosene purchased in small quantities.

• Model: Indigo Duo Solar Home System G3 by Azuri Technologies Ltd www.lightingglobal.org/products/az-indigo

o $10 install (one-off fee) o $1.50/week top-up

o Total:~$6/month4

• Customer cuts weekly energy spend by ~50% or more AND has 10 hours of light for 2 rooms beside mobile phone charging too.

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African want more than just lights • After adopting solar systems there is a dramatic

change in customer behaviour and expectations. Traders keep their shops open for longer, children spend an additional 90 minutes doing homework and those processing crops work later into the evenings.

• They begin to see the opportunities that they can get from having more solar power and progressively people want more. They want more lights, they want outside lights to keep on the whole night for security and they want larger systems.

• But demands are moving beyond lighting. Consumers in rural Africa were excited about getting solar lanterns but today they are asking for additional products like TVs, fans, phones and internet connectivity.

• However, consumers don’t want to pay for these products upfront, instead preferring to make small payments as they use the gadgets.

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Low-cost hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) solutions

• These systems will be able to power TV sets and decoders and simultaneously run fridges, LED lights and sockets for the charging of mobile phones.

• When the sun is obscured, or at night, the battery backup takes over providing enough energy to last between four and six hours depending on off-take.

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Pay-As-You-Go model has taken off • The pay-as-you-go model has taken off in Africa’s energy sector, enabling low-

income rural households to rent, and later own, home solar power systems.

• The key element of the pay-as-you-go solar model is enabling low-income earners in off-grid locations to make small payments towards acquiring solar systems and electrical devices that would ordinarily be out of their reach.

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Solar TV

• Driven by burgeoning interest and the subsequent demand for DTT systems, the solar PV market can be expected to evolve rapidly across Africa.

• Up to a few year ago solar energy adopters were predominantly ecologically-conscious consumers who would use solar PV power simply to augment electricity sourced from the national grid in a bid to minimise their carbon footprints. The ability to reduce their electricity bills was a bonus.

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Solar Products

• Lighting Global is the World Bank Group’s platform to support sustainable growth of the international off-grid solar market as a means of rapidly increasing energy access to the 1.2 billion people without grid electricity.

• The products listed on their website have met the Lighting Global Quality Standards. The list of products is updated frequently, due to the addition of new products, the expiration or renewal of products’ quality verification periods, and the removal of products as a result of failed market check testing.

www.lightingglobal.org/products

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Source / Read more: • 1Enquete sur la consommation d’electricite au Benin, Ministere du

developpement, de l’analyse economique et de la prospective, Juillet 2015

• 2Photovoltaic Geographical Information System - Interactive Maps http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps4/pvest.php?lang=en&map=africa

• 3The True Cost of Kerosene in Rural Africa, Report Authorship and Research Design, April 25, 2012 © Lighting Africa 2012 www.gogla.org/sites/www.gogla.org/files/recource_docs/kerosene_pricing_lighting_africa_report.pdf

• 4Azuri PayGo Solar Smarter Solar Power for the Emerging World, June 2014 www.slideshare.net/e4sv/131-azuri-pay-go-solar

• Ashden Award: Video: Azuri, Pay-as-you-go home solar PV power, East Africa youtu.be/nnAUXG6Kfn4

• Four things to know about Africa’s pay-as-you-go solar energy market www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/four-things-know-africas-pay-go-solar-energy-market

• Wow can pay-as-you-go solar be financed? by Bloomberg New Energy Finance data.bloomberglp.com/bnef/sites/14/2016/10/BNEF_WP_2016_10_07-Pay-as-you-go-solar.pdf

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Case Benin | Average Daily Solar Irradiance • The time shown is local solar time.

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Case Benin | Stand-alone PV Estimation

• The graph and table below show the (estimated) daily amount of electric power you can expect in each month from a Solar Home PV system with 1.000 Wp.

o Ed: Average energy production per day (Wh/day) o Ff: Percentage of days when battery became full (%) o Fe: Percentage of days when battery became empty (%)