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11The Prokaryotes:Domains Bacteria and Archaea
The Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria Proteobacter
ia From the
mythical Greek god, Proteus, who could assume many shapes
Gram-negative
The Alphaproteobacteria
Human pathogens Bartonella
B. hensela: Cat-scratch disease Brucella: Brucellosis Ehrlichia: Tickborne
The Alphaproteobacteria Obligate intracellular parasites
Ehrlichia: Tickborne, ehrlichiosis Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers
R. prowazekii: Epidemic typhus R. typhi: Endemic murine typhus R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
The Alphaproteobacteria
Figure 11.1
The Alphaproteobacteria
Chemoautotrophic Oxidize nitrogen for energy Fix CO2
Nitrobacter: NH3+ NO2
–
Nitrosomonas: NO2– NO3
–
The Betaproteobacteria
The Betaproteobacteria Thiobacillus
Chemoautotrophic, oxidize sulfur: H2S SO42–
Sphaerotilus Chemoheterotophic, form sheaths
Figure 11.5
The Betaproteobacteria Neisseria
Chemoheterotrophic, cocci
N. meningitidis N. gonorrhoeae
Spirillum Chemoheterotrophi
c, helical
Figures 11.4, 11.6
The Betaproteobacteria Bordetella
Chemoheterotrophic, rods B. pertussis
Burkholderia: Nosocomial infections Zoogloea: Slimy masses in aerobic
sewage-treatment processes
The Gammaproteobacteria
The Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonadales
Pseudomonas Opportunistic
pathogens Metabolically
diverse Polar flagella
Azotobacter and Azomonas: Nitrogen fixing Moraxella: Conjunctivitis
Figure 11.7
The Gammaproteobacteria Legionellales
Legionella Found in streams,
warm-water pipes, cooling towers
L. pneumophilia
Coxiella Q fever transmitted
via aerosols or milk
Figure 24.15b
The Gammaproteobacteria Vibrionales
Found in coastal water Vibrio cholerae
causes cholera V. parahaemolyticus
causes gastroenteritis
Figure 11.8
The Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales (enterics)
Peritrichous flagella, facultatively anaerobic Enterobacter Erwinia Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Salmonella Serratia Shigella Yersinia
The Gammaproteobacteria
Figure 11.9
The Gammaproteobacteria
Pasteurellales Pasteurella
Cause pneumonia and septicemia Haemophilus
Require X (heme) and V (NAD+, NADP+) factors
Francisella Chemoheterotrophic, tularemia
The Deltaproteobacteria
The Epsilonproteobacteria
The Epsilonproteobacteria Campylobacter
One polar flagellum Gastroenteritis
The Epsilonproteobacteria Helicobacter
Multiple flagella Peptic ulcers Stomach cancer
Figure 11.12
The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
Firmicutes
Low G + C Gram-positive
Clostridiales Clostridium
Endospore-producing Obligate anaerobes
Epulopiscium
Figures 11.15, 11.16
Bacillales Bacillus
Endospore-producing rods
Figure 11.17b
Bacillales Staphylococcus
Cocci
Figure 11.18
Lactobacillales Generally
aerotolerant anaerobes, lack an electron-transport chain Lactobacillus Streptococcus Enterococcus Listeria
Figure 11.19
Mycoplasmatales Wall-less, pleomorphic 0.1 - 0.24 µm M. pneumoniae
Figure 11.20a–b
Actinobacteria High G + C Gram-positive
Actinobacteria Actinomyces Corynebacterium Frankia Gardnerella Mycobacterium Nocardia Propionibacterium Streptomyces
Figure 11.21b
Chlamydias Chlamydia trachomatis
Trachoma STD, urethritis
Chlamyiophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci
Causes psittacosis
Chlamydias
Figure 11.23a
Chlamydophila
Figure 11.23b
Spirochaetes Borrelia Leptospira Treponema
Figure 11.24
Bacteroidetes Anaerobic
Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine
Cytophaga: Cellulose-degrading in soil
Fusobacteria Fusobacterium
Are found in the mouth.
May be involved in dental diseases.
Figure 11.25
10Classification of Microorganisms
Taxonomy
Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying
organisms
The Three-Domain System
Table 10.1
The Three-Domain System
Figure 10.1
Identification Methods Morphological
characteristics:
Useful for identifying
eukaryotes
Differential staining:
Gram staining, acid-
fast staining
Biochemical tests:
Determines presence
of bacterial enzymes
Figure 10.8
Figure 10.7
Numerical Identification
Figure 10.9
Serology Combine known
antiserum plus unknown bacterium
Slide agglutination
ELISA Western blot
Figure 10.10
Western Blot
Figure 10.12
Phage Typing
Figure 10.13
Flow Cytometry Differences in
electrical conductivity between species
Fluorescence of some species
Cells selectively stained with antibody plus fluorescent dye
Figure 18.12
Genetics DNA base composition
Guanine + cytosine
moles% (GC)
DNA fingerprinting
Electrophoresis of
restriction enzyme
digests
rRNA sequencing
Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)Figure 10.14
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Figure 10.15
Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA Probe
Figure 10.16
Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA Chip
Figure 10.17
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Figure 10.18a–b
Add DNA probefor S. aureus
Table 10.5
Dichotomous Key
PLAY Animation: Dichotomous Keys
UN 10.2
Cladogram
Figure 10.19, steps 1–2
Cladogram
Figure 10.19, step 3