The future city representation ronn chua

ENBE | Final Project | Part A – Report | The Future City Representation

The Future City Representation

Squirt City“Green, Vibrant and Liveable”

| Ronn Chua Chang Yeong |

| 0314044 |

| Group N |

| Unit NeC |

| FNBE April 2013 |

Ronn Chua Chang Yeong | 0314044 | Group N | FNBE April 2013 | Taylor’s University

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ContentPart I Introduction

Project Brief…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...04

Part II A CityDefinition ....................................................................................................................05Smart City……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….06

Part III The Ancient CitiesDefinition of Ancient City……………………………………………………………..…………………………08Rome, Italy…………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………….09Babylon, Iraq…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………0xData Collection………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0x

Part IV The Present CitiesDefinition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0xTokyo, Japan……………………………………………………………………………………………………………0xSydney, Australia………………………………………………………………………………………………….…0xData Collection………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0x

Part V The Future CitiesDefinition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0xLily Pad……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………0xGreen Float……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0xData Collection………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0x

Part VI OtherKansai International Airport…………………………………………………………………………………….0x


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Part VII Squirt CityIntroduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….0xStructure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………0xGeometric Pattern………………………………………………………………………………………………..…0xStructure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………0xCity Zoning ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……0xInfrastructures………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0xTransportation...……………………………………………………………………………………..………………0xCitizens’ Life…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….0xEnergy Production…………………………………………………………………………………………………..0xEconomic Growth……………………………………………………………………………………………………0xThe Green Project...…………………………………………………………………………………………………0x

Part VIII The Process and ProgressIdeas…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…0x

Part IX ConclusionThe Future City Representation……………………………………………………………………………….0xReflection………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0x

Part XI References listLinks………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0x


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Introduction

Project Brief

In the project ‘The Future City Representation’, the mission is to propose a future city. To plan for a future city, we have to understand a city (past, present and future) through exploration and investigation. With the findings, a future city is proposed and should focus on the needs of people, the facilities, infrastructures, and the ways it sustain itself.

To achieve a better future city: We should know about human civilization of ancient cities. Think of complexity of road systems, transportation, building laws and so on. Understand the relationship of various communities. Plan of public spaces for human activities and interactions. Study on problems like waste disposal, health and pollution.

The positive and negative sides of a city are the promise of success and the threat of disaster. A perfect city is never been created, but we can certainly make improvements to create a great city that is more sustainable and liveable.

Objectives of Project

To expose the elements of the natural and built environment in their basic unit, form and function

To show symbiotic relationship of the basics of the natural and built environment To question, analyse and articulate the impact between natural and built environment


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A City

Definition

A city is primarily a space of culture, society, and civilization. Before the founded of city, human used to be a nomadic speciesthat lived to survive and survived to live. It was only upon the first city formed that humans settled down, became domesticated or civilized begins, and invented culture. Recently, many new studies on the archaeology of cities tend to consider “the specialization of social life,” “the being together of strangers,” and that cities are not simply material or lived spaces but also spaces of the imagination and of representation. For some, cities are potential spaces of freedom away from the conservatism and idiocy of rural life. For others, cities must tame and ordered and made predictable.

Cities are said as the highest forms of social organization and generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, profiting both parties in the process. People moved to citied for jobs and better life and process of urbanization happened. Cities are a fact of life for half of the world’s population because the cities carry the key features of contemporary life for everyone. Besides the technological advances, cities are also the important culture centres and economic engines. Finally, positive social change takes place faster in the city for examples, it has better health, higher literacy and more varied employment options.However, a city is not a perfect that we still need make improvement to prevent virus, disaster and others weaknesses.

What is the city as a social institution? According to Lewis Mumford, the city in its complete sense then is a geographic plexus, an economic organization, an institutional process, a theatre of social action, and an aesthetic of collective unity.

Cities can defined by four characteristics that are: Sustained Great population size High population density Social heterogeneity


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Smart City

‘Smart cities’ is the latest concept when it comes to building the cities of the future. Smart cities are expected to be the key to combine a sustainable future with comprehensive terms like economic growth, job creation and others.

What makes a smart city? A smart city is actually a regional platform which expands based on six main dimensions:

Smart mobility: I. Integrated information and communication technology (ICT)II. Mixed-modal accessIII. Prioritized clean & non-motorized option

Smart economy: I. Entrepreneurship & innovationII. ProductivityIII. Local & Global Interconnectedness

Smart environment: I. Green buildingsII. Green energyIII. Green urban planning

Smart living: I. Culturally vibrantII. SafeIII. Healthy

Smart people: I. 21st Century educationII. Inclusive societyIII. Embrace

Smart governance: I. ICT & e-govII. Transparency & open dataIII. Enabling supply & demand side policy

And of course, the smart transport system, smart grid and others also important to improve the system of a city.

The goals of a smart city are: Improving the efficiency of city operations Improving the quality of life of its citizens Growing the local economy

The key concepts that relevant:Ronn Chua Chang Yeong | 0314044 | Group N | FNBE April 2013 | Taylor’s University

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inclusiveness and openness involvement and creativity communication & networking efficiency usability and sustainability

The Ancient CitiesRonn Chua Chang Yeong | 0314044 | Group N | FNBE April 2013 | Taylor’s University

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Definition (The Ancient Cities)

The construction of cities has a long and complex history. All cities display various degrees of forethought and conscious design in their layout and functioning. Early humans led a nomadic lifestyle. About 10,000 years ago, systematic cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals make the ‘urban revolution’, that are the production of a surplus of storable food, a system of writing, a more complex social organisation, and technological advances such as wheel, loom and much more.

The ancient cities began to performas large urban commercial markets that are the centres of storage, trade, and manufacture. Cities also grew up around marketplaces and founded at the intersections of transportation routes as at river and ocean port.

Religious elements then become fundamental throughout urban history. Ancient cities usually had great temple precincts with monumental religious building and also cemeteries or shrines. Many medieval cities were built near monasteries and cathedrals.

Cities often provide protection in a precarious world. The construction of walls in ancient cities helps to defend their communities against marauders and ruling and also assembled to repel the enemy. The walls then become useless in warfare when the invention of heavy artillery, which means the cities, is no longer a safe haven in a modern aerial warfare.

Cities serve as centres of government. In particular, the emergence of the great nation-states of ancient Europe led to the creation of new capital cities or the investing of existing cities with expanded governmental functions. For example, the ancient Washington displays the monumental building, radial street pattern, and large public spaces typical of capital cities.

Cities have provided a fertile ground for the evolution of human culture with the concentration of talent, mixture of people, and economic surplus. Cities serve as centres of communication which evolved as supernovas as the new ideas and information are spread to the surrounding territory and to foreign lands.

Rome, Italy


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Rome was the biggest ancient city. Up to million people lived there, in many aspects Rome was a modern city with streets, market places, arenas, parks and even a sewage system.

According to Roman legend, the city was founded during the eight century BC on the Tiber River. Rome was ruled by kings before the formation of republic (government).After the republic formed Roman law and Roman army then formed to support the city. In 264 B.C., Rome and Carthage went to war (the Punic War) and ended in the defeat of Carthage. Roman then become stronger by took the rich and grain-growing island of Sicily. After the middle Ages, Rome turned into one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance.

The ancient Roman style is said to be a reproductive of Greek and Etruscan architecture. Yet, they also improve it by using their knowledge in construction to improve the architectural community.

There was a wall call Servian wall, a defensive barrier constructed around the city of Rome. The Servian Wall was formidable enough to repel Hannibal during the Second Punic War. The wall became unnecessary as Rome became well protected by the ever expanding military strength of the Republic and of the later Empire.

Besides, ancient Rome was rich with tremendous natural and human resources. As such, Rome's economy remained focused on farming and trade. Industrial and manufacturing activities were smaller. However, some brick factories employed hundreds of workers.

Babylon, Iraq


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The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th century BC to the 6th century BC. The heartland of ancient Babylon was located between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, in what is today Iraq.

With the changing political and military nature of the region saw Babylon fought over countless times, with one empire or dynasty after another securing Babylon as their home.

The main form of government was a monarchy with one king. To manage this big city, the king used governors to maintain order and control over different states of the empire.

Babylon was a very prosperous city. Babylon trade surplus of food and manufactured goods (furniture and pottery) to sustain its economic.

A resurgence of an independent Babylonian empire briefly flourished towards the end of the 7th century BC and with the famous for building, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon – yet even this dynasty failed to last.. After the fall of Alexander’s fledgling empire, Babylon was fought over by his surviving generals and was slowly abandoned over the following centuries.


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Data Collection (The Ancient Cities)

Summary:

I. Ancient cities built wall to that protected the inhabitants from enemies.II. Ancient citizens mostly worked as farmers and also craftsmen.III. People lived together in larger houses.IV. The central part of the cities was temples or places to pray.V. People divided into classes.VI. Ancient people prefer to live beside the rivers.


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The Present Cities

Definition The 21st century has been dubbed the century of cities - sustainable cities, compact cities, post-modern cities, mega-cities, and more. Urban life in the 21st century has been shaped in quite significant ways by the thoughts, practices, ideologies and social organization of the 20th century.The modern/smart cities use technology and communication to generate more efficient agglomerations in terms of competitiveness, innovation, environment, energy, utilities, governance, and delivery of services to the citizen.

Modern cities of 21 st century: Today’s modern cities often have three characteristic areas:

Downtown: -consists of stores, banks, government buildingsand cultural attraction-place where many people work-full of skyscrapers

Industrial area: -region with factories, warehouse, mills and others

Suburbs: -farthest away from the city centre-new resident areas where most people live-have own stores and malls

Problems faced: Poverty: -Homelessness

-Joblessness due to high population of city

Unhealthy: -pollution(air, river, sound) by cars and industries-waste that been throw away is burned or ends up in landfills

Traffic: -traffic jam-accidents happening

Crime: -drug addition-violent and others


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Downtown

Industrial area

Suburbs


Tokyo, Japan

Tokyo, the capital of Japan is known as ‘metropolitan prefecture’ as it is the world’s most populous metropolis. It is the centre of Japanese culture, finance, and government. Now, Japan is the world’s third-largest economy, after the United States and People’s Republic of China.

Tokyo is well-known with its modern technology. The smart city revolution of Tokyo is partnership with their companies (Panasonic, Sharp, Mitsubishi and others) which work very hard to infuse smart technology into this massive city.

Tokyo started to green up the city aggressively by 2006. They planned to goal 1 million trees to make Tokyo a green island. They are also aggressively pushing the uses of solar energy, renewable sources, and electric/hybrid cars for businesses and household who are going green. Today, Tokyo aim to transform itself into a ‘Smart Energy City’ in future with the direction of makes a maximum use of energy saving technologies, expansion of use of low carbon, distributed energy resources and optimal control of urban energy supply and demand via smart energy management.Many places in Tokyo are installed with LED bulbs, and the telecommuting is highly encouraged which can save millions of CO2 emissions annually.

Besides, Tokyo provides a major transportation hub which dominated by an extensive network of clean, speedy and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role.

Lastly, the city also claims a great number of world-class institutions of higher education.

http://www.fastcoexist.com/1679127/the-top-10-smart-cities-on-the-planethttp://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/en/other_issues/initiative_smart_energy/index.htmlhttp://freshome.com/2013/02/07/10-most-impressive-smart-cities-on-earth/


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http://freshome.com/2013/02/07/10-most-impressive-smart-cities-on-earth/

http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/en/other_issues/initiative_smart_energy/index.html

http://www.fastcoexist.com/1679127/the-top-10-smart-cities-on-the-planet


Stockholm, Sweden

Stockholm, the capital of Sweden is named as ‘Europe’s Green Capital’ by the European Commission in 2010. It is the centre of Sweden’s culture, media, politic and economy. It had been nominated by a GaWC (Globalization and World Cities Research Network) as a global city.

Stockholm is a beautiful smart city and it has executed many practical solutions to go green. Besides, there are 1000 parks (30% of the city space), 7 nature reserves, and the citizens annually recycle almost 100kg waste per person. There are also two large water wastewater treatment plants to reduce the source pollution.

Moreover, Stockholm also provides a smart transportation network. The city has multiple ferries connecting various international destinations. Also, there are high-speed trains connecting major cities and many other transports to move people around efficiently. Now, it aims to increase the use of public transport, bicycle and by foot, in contrast reduces the use of cars to get a positive impact on air pollution and noise pollution.

The service industry is the main economy of Stockholm. The almost absence of heavy industry (and fossil fuel power plants) makes it as the world’s cleanest metropolises. Stockholm is a health city and it is the only city in the world within the limits set by the World Health Organization.

http://www.thecitiesoftomorrow.com/sustainable-cities/stockholm


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http://www.thecitiesoftomorrow.com/sustainable-cities/stockholm


Data Collection (The Present Cities)

Summary:I. The city is normally a centre of finance, government and others.II. High Technology has improved the citizens’ lifestyle.III. A massive and smart transportation network is needed to let the people move

efficiently.IV. Green environment is important to improve the health and beauty of one city.V. World-class educational level.VI. Smart leader.


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The Future CitiesDefinition (The Future Cities)

As there is a constantly rise of world’s population and many people prefer to live in cities, cities will grow larger and rapidly. New technologies will become massive at the same time, to improve the lifestyle in cities.

There are six different types of capital (range of strategic assets and resources): Intellectual and social capital: People and knowledge resource Democratic capital: Transparency, participation and partnerships Culture and leisure capital: Values, behaviours and public expressions Environment capital: Natural resources Technical capital: Man-made capital, infrastructure Financial capital: Money and assets

Each of these six capitals must be inter-related and in holistic and integrated way to successfully develop a sustain city.

The Ark/ Remistudio


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Intellectual and Social Capital

Technical Capital

Democratic Capital

Financial Capital

Environmental Capital

Culture and Leisure Capital


The Ark concept is designed to solve the climate change and rising level of the ocean. It is a massive hotel concept that can endure extreme floods. The arch-shaped building, dubbed the Ark, has a structure that enables it to float and exist autonomously on the surface of the water.

The Ark was also designed to be a bioclimatic house with independent life-support systems, including elements ensuring a closed-functioning cycle. The Ark constitutes a single energy system. Its shape is convenient for installing photovoltaic cells at an optimal angle toward the sun. The cupola, in the upper part, collects warm air which is gathered in seasonal heat accumulators to provide an uninterrupted energy supply for the whole complex independently from outer environmental conditions. The heat from the surrounding environment the outer air, water or ground is also used.

Data Collection (The Future Cities)

Summary: I. Must be liveable and sustained.II. High technology to improve lifestyle.III. Safe.IV. Great green environment.V. Great economic growth.


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Squirt City

Introduction


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Structure


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Citi Zoning


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Governmental area Educational areaCommercial area Religious areaResidential area Public facilitiesIndustrial area Public spaceAgricultural area Port and shippingRecreational area Services area


Transportation

No carbon footprint …


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Route:


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Citizens’ Life

Main activities are outdoor activities:

-jogging-mountain tracking-cycling-outdoor photographing-others


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Energy Production

Solar Energy:


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The Process and Progress

Ideas


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Conclusion

Reflection

“Through this project, I have learnt about the formation of city and understand the relationship between the cities and the built environment. Besides, I also understand the important of a good city for every symbiosis. City is our shelter, we are responsible to develop it and take care of it.City is a home for modern people, we have to work hard for it !!!”


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References list

Links

City:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/smarter-cities/tailored-solutions http://urban-review.com/urban-towers-farming-21st-century/http://www.slideshare.net/SmartCitiesTeam/smartcitiesfinalhttps://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbs=simg:CAESRwmkVXvRCwiP6BozCxCwjKcIGioKKAgBEgLWBxogm0WPlXuLO1a69drXKjVZJu2ihHeEAn_1d9vaDoJgK22IMIUM7q8PhZELy&q=detroit+plan&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=GVHYUcmSBoHtrAfRyoGIDA&ved=0CDkQsw4&biw=1360&bih=624http://andrewlainton.wordpress.com/2011/08/04/voronoi-city-beyond-the-4-sided-grid/http://www.burohappold.com/thelivingcity/the-living-city-model/

Element:http://www.cityfutures2009.com/PDF/22_Romein_Arie.pdfhttp://www.urbandesign.org/elements.html

Zoning by law:http://www.nanaimo.ca/UploadedFilesPath/Bylaws/BylawNo4500.pdf#nameddest=TOC

Ancient Cities:http://www.slideshare.net/lwolberg/cities-11-urban-geography-111?from_search=1http://www.saylor.org/courses/hist361/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_city#Ancient_timeshttp://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101014174209AAe66L3http://www.art.net/~hopkins/Don/simcity/manual/history.htmlhttp://archaeology.about.com/od/cterms/g/civilization.htmhttp://sitemaker.umich.edu/nyoffee/files/seminar_arch_cities_syllabus.pdfhttp://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-10-ArchyNeighborhoods.pdfhttp://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-07-FormMeaning.pdf

Smartcities:http://www.slideshare.net/smartcities/creating-smarter-cities-lessons-from-the-smart-cites-projecthttp://www.slideshare.net/Bristolcc/bristol-smart-city-report-7579696#btnNexthttp://www.slideshare.net/halloliver/danish-smart-cities-sustainaible-living-in-an-urban-worldhttp://www.slideshare.net/SmartCitiesTeam/smartcitiesfinal

Ancient Cities：http://www.art.net/~hopkins/Don/simcity/manual/history.htmlhttp://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-10-ArchyNeighborhoods.pdf


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http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-10-ArchyNeighborhoods.pdf

http://www.art.net/~hopkins/Don/simcity/manual/history.html

http://www.slideshare.net/SmartCitiesTeam/smartcitiesfinal

http://www.slideshare.net/halloliver/danish-smart-cities-sustainaible-living-in-an-urban-world

http://www.slideshare.net/Bristolcc/bristol-smart-city-report-7579696#btnNext

http://www.slideshare.net/smartcities/creating-smarter-cities-lessons-from-the-smart-cites-project

http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-07-FormMeaning.pdf

http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-10-ArchyNeighborhoods.pdf

http://sitemaker.umich.edu/nyoffee/files/seminar_arch_cities_syllabus.pdf

http://archaeology.about.com/od/cterms/g/civilization.htm

http://www.art.net/~hopkins/Don/simcity/manual/history.html

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101014174209AAe66L3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_city#Ancient_times

http://www.saylor.org/courses/hist361/

http://www.slideshare.net/lwolberg/cities-11-urban-geography-111?from_search=1

http://www.nanaimo.ca/UploadedFilesPath/Bylaws/BylawNo4500.pdf#nameddest=TOC

http://www.urbandesign.org/elements.html

http://www.cityfutures2009.com/PDF/22_Romein_Arie.pdf

http://www.burohappold.com/thelivingcity/the-living-city-model/

http://andrewlainton.wordpress.com/2011/08/04/voronoi-city-beyond-the-4-sided-grid/

https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbs=simg:CAESRwmkVXvRCwiP6BozCxCwjKcIGioKKAgBEgLWBxogm0WPlXuLO1a69drXKjVZJu2ihHeEAn_1d9vaDoJgK22IMIUM7q8PhZELy&q=detroit+plan&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=GVHYUcmSBoHtrAfRyoGIDA&ved=0CDkQsw4&biw=1360&bih=624



http://www.slideshare.net/SmartCitiesTeam/smartcitiesfinal

http://urban-review.com/urban-towers-farming-21st-century/

http://www.guardian.co.uk/smarter-cities/tailored-solutions



Rome:http://www.worldtourist.us/italy/rome.htmlhttp://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/rome.asphttp://www.loudoun.k12.va.us/cms/lib4/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/7728/Study%20Guide%20for%20Soc%20St%20Qt.%202.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#Economy

Babylon:http://www.slideshare.net/GraceLilyDan/ancient-babylonhttp://www.historvius.com/babylon-219/

Present cities:http://www.yorku.ca/city/?page_id=247http://www.english-online.at/geography/cities/cities-and-metropolitan-areas.htmhttp://www.athenaglobal.com/pdf/2_cities_and_urban_issues.pdf

Tokyo:http://www.weforum.org/events/japan-meetinghttp://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Tokyo-Introduction.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/japan/2976699/Tokyo-city-guide-Introduction-and-basics.html

Pattern: http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/Hexagonal.pdfhttp://andrewlainton.wordpress.com/2011/08/04/voronoi-city-beyond-the-4-sided-grid/

Zoning:http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/pdfs/wetlands.pdfhttp://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/96323_30http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0100-0199/0163/Sections/0163.3177.htmlhttp://www.burohappold.com/thelivingcity/the-living-city-model/

http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/government-public-sector-research/pdf/cities-final.pdf

http://www.iftf.org/our-work/global-landscape/human-settlement/the-future-of-cities-information-and-inclusion/

The Ark:http://inhabitat.com/remistudios-massive-ark-building-can-save-residents-from-flood/http://www.archdaily.com/103324/the-ark-remistudio/http://gizfactory.com/article/floating-living-accommodation-during-earthquake/http://www.engadget.com/2011/01/02/inhabitats-week-in-green-of-space-elevators-floating-cities-a/http://www.boycottmag.com/?p=2680http://news.uk.msn.com/environment/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=152583604


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http://news.uk.msn.com/environment/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=152583604

http://www.boycottmag.com/?p=2680

http://www.engadget.com/2011/01/02/inhabitats-week-in-green-of-space-elevators-floating-cities-a/

http://gizfactory.com/article/floating-living-accommodation-during-earthquake/

http://www.archdaily.com/103324/the-ark-remistudio/

http://inhabitat.com/remistudios-massive-ark-building-can-save-residents-from-flood/



http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/government-public-sector-research/pdf/cities-final.pdf

http://www.burohappold.com/thelivingcity/the-living-city-model/

http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0100-0199/0163/Sections/0163.3177.html

http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0100-0199/0163/Sections/0163.3177.html

http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/96323_30

http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/pdfs/wetlands.pdf

http://andrewlainton.wordpress.com/2011/08/04/voronoi-city-beyond-the-4-sided-grid/

http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/Hexagonal.pdf

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/japan/2976699/Tokyo-city-guide-Introduction-and-basics.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/japan/2976699/Tokyo-city-guide-Introduction-and-basics.html

http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Tokyo-Introduction.html

http://www.weforum.org/events/japan-meeting

http://www.athenaglobal.com/pdf/2_cities_and_urban_issues.pdf

http://www.english-online.at/geography/cities/cities-and-metropolitan-areas.htm

http://www.yorku.ca/city/?page_id=247

http://www.historvius.com/babylon-219/

http://www.slideshare.net/GraceLilyDan/ancient-babylon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#Economy

http://www.loudoun.k12.va.us/cms/lib4/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/7728/Study%20Guide%20for%20Soc%20St%20Qt.%202.pdf

http://www.loudoun.k12.va.us/cms/lib4/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/7728/Study%20Guide%20for%20Soc%20St%20Qt.%202.pdf

http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/rome.asp

http://www.worldtourist.us/italy/rome.html



Other:http://www.slideshare.net/YunaKubota/sustainable-city-and-architecture-design?from_search=3http://www.kirklandwa.gov/depart/Public_Works/Transportation___Streets/Active_Transportation_Plan.htm


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http://www.kirklandwa.gov/depart/Public_Works/Transportation___Streets/Active_Transportation_Plan.htm

http://www.kirklandwa.gov/depart/Public_Works/Transportation___Streets/Active_Transportation_Plan.htm

http://www.slideshare.net/YunaKubota/sustainable-city-and-architecture-design?from_search=3