U11 Rocks

Essential Natural Science 1Unit 11

CONTENTS

RESOURCES

ACTIVITY

LINKS

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Contents

RocksUses

Characteristics

Sedimentary rocks

CharacteristicsFormationClassificationFossils

Igneous rocks

FormationClassification

Metamorphic rocks

FormationClassification

The Rock Cycle

Processes

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What are rocks? What are sedimentary rocks like?

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

How are sedimentary rocks classified?

Fossils How are igneous rocks formed?

How are igneous rocks classified?

How are metamorphic rocks classified?

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

The Rock Cycle

How are rocks used?


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Animation: Rock formation

Interactive activity: Identifying rocks

Links


How are rocks used?

Construction materials

Monuments

marble

Containers Fuels Chemical industry

plasticsoilclay

concrete, metal, glass

cement, gypsum, plaster, ceramics

granite blocksgranite and

sandstone blocks


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What are rocks?

different mineral grains

graniteSome rocks are made up of one mineral: monomineralic rocks.

quartz crystals (mineral)

quartzite

Classes of rock:• Sedimentary• Igneous• Metamorphic

SEE MORE MONOMINERALIC

ROCKS


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Most rocks are made up of more than one mineral.


What are rocks?

different minerals joined together

Monomineralic rocks

Mineral Rock

gypsum gypsum

halite rock salt

calcite limestone


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granite

quartzite

Most rocks are made up of more than one mineral.

Classes of rock:• Sedimentary• Igneous• Metamorphic

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What are sedimentary rocks like?

Mountain slopes and cliffs


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stratum



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Types of sedimentary rocks

Detrital

Chemical - Limestone

Chemical - Evaporitic

Organic


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Animation: Rock formation


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How are sedimentary rocks formed?

FORMATION OF EVAPORITIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS


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FORMATION OF DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

FORMATION OF LIMESTONE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

FORMATION OF ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS


How are detrital sedimentary rocks formed?

strata formation compaction

cementation

Detrital sedimentary rocks

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accumulationof sediments


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sedimentary basineroded rock fragments


How are limestone sedimentary rocks formed?

calcium carbonate deposits

accumulation of shells and skeletons

of living things


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stalactites

accumulation of shells and skeletons

of living things


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calcium carbonate deposits

fossil in limestone


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How are evaporitic rocks formed?

Hot, dry climates

Marshes and coastal lagoons

evaporation

accumulation of halite crystals

rock salt

accumulation of gypsum (mineral)

crystals

gypsum


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precipitation


How are organic sedimentary rocks formed?

industrial production

terrestrial vegetation

marine plant and animal remains

OIL

holm-oak wood

300 million years ago


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COAL


Fossils Remains and imprints of living things

Dactyloceras

Trilobite Priscacara

Ophiopetra

Carya leaves

Archaeopteryx

Ammonite

Fern


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How are sedimentary rocks classified?

Organic

coal

• soft, black rock• burns easily

oil

• thick, black liquid

Detrital

conglomerate• fragments of rock and some sand

sandstone clay

• small grains of sand

• very small grains • different colours

Chemical - limestone

bioclastic

• accumulation of shells

travertine calcareous tuft

• stalactites and stalagmites

• porous, light with remains of vegetation

Chemical - evaporitic

gypsum

• very soft• can be scratched with a fingernail

rock salt

• tastes salty


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How are igneous rocks formed?

MAGMA

lava

mixture of melted rock and gases


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MAGMA

lava



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Volcanic rocks

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MAGMA

lava



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Plutonic rocks

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How are igneous rocks classified?

Plutonic (intrusive)

granite• made up of quartz, feldspars and some mica and other minerals

syenite pegmatite• made up of pink feldspar and black mica

• composition similar to granite • large crystals

Volcanic (extrusive)

basalt• heavy and hard • dark or black colour• may have bubble holes

pumice obsidian• light weight and floats in water• light colours• spongy texture

• black and smooth • looks like black glass• the edges can cut


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How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Rocks undergo intense heat and pressure.


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Foliated Non-foliated

Metamorphism

Metamorphic rocks


How are metamorphic rocks classified?

Foliated (laminated)

slate• usually black, slightly shiny• hard but can be separated into thin layers

schist gneiss

• shiny• folded layers

• folded and irregular bands• feldspar crystals

Non-foliated (crystalline)

marble

• many colours; often with veins • reacts with acids, producing CO2 bubbles

quartzite

• many colours; very hard • no reaction with acids


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The Rock Cycle

intense pressure +

high temperature

high temperature

land surface sinks

ACCUMULATION OF LAYERS OF SEDIMENTS

Water filters into cracks, freezes, and breaks up the rock.

Sedimentary rocksMetamorphic rocks

METAMORPHISM

MELTING

volcanic activity

Igneous rocks

Erosion and transport reduce rock size.


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Interactive activity: Identifying rocks


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Links

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Compare rock types

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Interactive rock cycle

Technology

U11 Rocks