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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
In an age of explosive technical advance, rapidly
increasing income, and continued population growth, there
is ample reason for concern over man’s relationship to
his physical environment. The environmental movement
comes as an abrupt awakening after years of prosperity
and of reassurance that economic growth is the key to
most social problems (Brubaker, 1972).
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious
problems facing humanity and other life forms today. Air,
water, and soil– all harmed by pollution – are necessary
to the survival of all living things. Badly polluted air
can harm crops and cause life-threatening illnesses. Some
air pollutants have reduced the capacity of the
atmosphere to filter out the sun's harmful ultraviolet
radiation. Polluted water kills fish and other marine
life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land
available for growing food. Environmental pollution also
brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful world (The
World Book Encyclopedia, 1989).
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As for most of human history, environmental
pollution has not been an issue. In the beginning, there
was the Stone Age. In this age, humans simply used simple
tools that were available. These could be anything from
the teeth or bones of animals, to stones of convenient
shape. Very little actual tooling went on, short of the
occasional notch or slot that was made in one piece of
stone or bone with another. Humanity then progressed into
working with metals and with the new metal craft; the
population was able to expand to greater than ever
levels.
While the smith craft of the copper and bronze ages
certainly produced pollution, it was not of a significant
amount to do any real damage to the environment. However,
these new innovations allowed for a further explosion in
population due to improvements in hunting and farming
that the new metals allowed. As the populations of
nations increased and settlers spread out across the
globe in search of new lands to colonize, they took their
ever increasing sophistication with them. With the
founding of the North American Continent by European
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settlers, still further and more polluting metals such as
steel would soon be introduced. Still, the earth held
vast expanses of unpopulated areas and the pollution
created was easily handled by the planets own systems of
cleaning and renewal.
This all changed with the industrial revolution.
Machines that could help construct other machines were
introduced. Millions after millions of forested acres
were chopped down and not replaced. Huge smelting
operations and metal forging facilities were dumping huge
amounts of pollution into the ground water and the oceans
of the world. The introduction of fossil fuels and the
eventual reliance on oil only compounded the issue. As
technology moved forward, new chemicals were introduced
or refined and the pollution created by these meant
levels of pollution the likes of which the earth had
never seen. Populations further increased requiring more
and more land to be used to support these ever increasing
populations. Plastics which would never degrade were now
added to the pollution problem (Saperecom, 2005-2012).
4
Solid wastes are probably the most visible forms of
environmental pollution. Every year, people dispose of
billions of tons of solid garbage.
Basura, garbage, gomi, ordures, afval, spazzatura -
whatever people call it, solid wastes presents a serious
problem that must be properly managed (United States
Environmental Protection Agency, 2002).
In early pre-industrial times, waste was mainly
composed of ash from fires, wood, bones, bodies and
vegetable waste. It was disposed of in the ground where
it would act as compost and help to improve the soil.
Ancient rubbish dumps excavated in archaeological digs
reveal only tiny amounts of ash, broken tools and
pottery. Everything that could be was repaired and
reused. Populations were smaller and people lived in less
concentrated groups. Even if transition from nomadic
hunter-gatherer to farmer meant that waste could no
longer be left behind, it still wasn't much of an issue.
Archeological excavations of the dirt or clay floors
of these earliest living quarters have found that many
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bits of garbage that fell on the floor simply were
trampled into the dirt or brushed into corners and along
the edge of walls by the traffic patterns of the
residents. When the floors became too littered with
animal bones and other artifacts, the household would
bring in a supply of fresh, clean clay and spread it out
on top.
People didn't understand garbage was a threat until
urban populations boomed. As cities began to develop,
people burned their personal trash, buried it, or let it
pile up. As waste piled up in urban settings, the
resulting filth caused stench, harbored rats and other
pests, led to contaminated water supplies and perpetuated
human disease. Some of the greatest plagues to ever
impact humanity resulted from these conditions. Some of
the earliest organized waste management techniques
developed during this period as a way to stop and prevent
further disease (Environmental Industry Associations:SWMA
& WASTEC, 2011).
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Waste generation increases with population expansion
and economic development. As countries become richer and
more urbanized their waste composition changes.
As lifestyles rapidly change, the related
conveniences and products—mobile phones, electronics,
polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC), disposable diapers—
pose special waste disposal challenges. Even more
problematic is the fact that in most low and middle
income countries, development of waste management systems
woefully lags behind the realities of a quickly changing
waste stream. In addition, newly mobilized consumers and
their market-savvy suppliers rarely consider the
potential waste management problems that go hand in hand
with changing lifestyles (Hoornweg and Thomas, 1999).
Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human
health and the environment. Uncontrolled dumping and
improper waste handling causes a variety of problems,
including contaminating water, attracting insects and
rodents, and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage
canals or gullies. In addition, it may result in safety
hazards from fires or explosions. The manufacture,
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distribution, and use of products—as well as the disposal
of the resulting waste—all result in emissions of
atmospheric gases called “greenhouse gases” that affect
the earth’s climate. When organic waste decomposes in
landfills and uncontrolled dumps, it produces methane,
one of the major greenhouse gases contributing to climate
change. Countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa
account for nearly 40 percent of annual methane emissions
from landfills, which is equal to 37 million metric tons
of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCo2e) or the amount of
air emissions from more than 102 million automobiles
(United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2002).
Current global municipal solid waste (MSW)
generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tons per
year, and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2
billion tons per year by 2025. This represents a
significant increase in per capita waste generation
rates, from 1.2 to 1.42 kg per person per day in the next
fifteen years (What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid
Waste Management).
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The urban areas of Asia produce about 760,000 tons
of municipal solid waste (MSW) per day, or approximately
2.7 million m3 per day. In 2025, this figure will
increase to 1.8 million tons of waste per day, or 5.2
million m3 per day.
The garbage crisis has emerged as one of the most
pressing environmental concerns in the country.
Communities are struggling to cope with an inadequate
capacity for waste management and the dangers associated
with increased use of toxic and hazardous substances. The
country generates about 10 million metric tons of garbage
per year with Metro Manila accounting for a quarter. Only
2 percent of this waste stream is disposed of in sanitary
landfills. The usual practice of garbage disposal in open
dumps leads to contamination of water bodies. In a recent
study, 58 percent of groundwater sampled was contaminated
with coliform and needed treatment. There are about 5,150
reported cases of gastro-intestinal diseases per 100,000
population.
In recent years, the Philippines has strengthened
pollution control laws by passing new or amendatory
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legislation on specific issues: toxic and hazardous waste
management (1990), clean air (1999), ecological solid
waste management (2000), and on clean water (2004). While
implementation mechanisms are slightly different under
each law, enforcement remains a significant challenge.
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (R.A. No.
9003) was passed by Congress in December 2000 and signed
into law on January2 6, 2001. It provides for the proper
management of wastes generated by households, commercial
establishments, etc. It sets definite timetables for the
conversion of open dumps to better disposal facilities.
It also mandates local governments, especially the
barangays, to initiate and implement a system of
segregating garbage for recovery of recyclable, re-usable
materials to reduce garbage volume. The principal
responsibility for implementation is given to local
governments. The Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) participates in providing guidelines for
management programs, setting standards for disposal
facilities and providing general technical support for
local governments (United States Agency International
Development, October 2004).
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As a legal and policy framework for the holistic
management of the environment and natural resources of
the Provincial Government of Benguet, the Local
Environment Code has been enacted through Ordinance No.
04-91 dated June 9, 2004 (Article II, Benguet Environment
Code).
The Municipalities of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and
Mankayan had also enacted their respective ordinances and
the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone passed their
resolutions to wit:
1. Municipality of Atok. Municipal Ordinance No. 8
s.1993, Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Ordinance
2. Municipality of Bakun. Municipal Ordinance No.
97-03, Providing mechanisms for solid waste management;
and Municipal Ordinance no. 05-2008, Comprehensive Solid
Waste Management Ordinance
3. Municipality of Buguias. Municipal Ordinance
No. 11 s.2006, Comprehensive Solid Waste Management
Ordinance
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4. Municipality of Mankayan. Municipal Ordinance
No.C-001 s.1997, Comprehensive Solid Waste Management
Ordinance
5. Resolution No.12 s.2010, Requiring all public
utility vehicles commuting along Halsema highway to
provide garbage bins inside their vehicles for proper
disposal of wastes by passengers(Memorandum of Agreement,
April 26, 2011).
In compliance to Republic Act 9003 and other related
Acts, Ordinances and Resolutions, a Memorandum of
Agreement was entered into by the Provincial Government
of Benguet, four local government units, different line
agencies and stakeholders assigning every second Friday
of the month as the simultaneous clean up drive day along
Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health
Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to evaluate the implementation of
the simultaneous clean-up drive along Halsema Highway
within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok,
Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan.
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Specifically, it will seek answers to the following
questions:
1. What is the level of implementation of the
simultaneous clean-up drive along Halsema Highway within
the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun,
Buguias and Mankayan as perceived by the respondents?
1.1. Is there a significant difference in the
perceptions of the respondents on the level of
implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive along
Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health
Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan?
2. What is the level of effectiveness of the
simultaneous clean-up drive in reducing the amount of
waste along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-
Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan as
perceived by the respondents?
2.1 Is there a significant difference in the
perceptions of the respondents on the level of
effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up drive in
reducing the amount of waste along Halsema Highway within
the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun,
Buguias and Mankayan?
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3. What is the degree of seriousness of the
problems encountered during the implementation of the
simultaneous clean-up drive along Halsema Highway within
the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun,
Buguias and Mankayan as perceived by the respondents?
3.1. Is there a significant difference in the
perceptions of the respondents on the degree of
seriousness of the problems encountered during the
implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive along
Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health
Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan?
Hypotheses of the Study
The researcher was guided by the following hypotheses:
1. There is no significant difference in the
perceptions of the respondents on the level of
implementation of simultaneous clean-up drive along
Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health
Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan according to
implementers, officials and drivers.
2. There is no significant difference in the
perceptions of the respondents on the level of
14
effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up drive in
reducing the amount of waste along Halsema Highway within
the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun,
Buguias and Mankayan according to the implementers,
officials and drivers.
3. There is no significant difference in the
perceptions of the respondents on the degree of
seriousness of the problems encountered during the
implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive along
Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health
Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan according to
the implementers, officials and drivers.
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the level of implementation of the
simultaneous clean-up drive along Halsema Highway within
the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun,
Buguias and Mankayan.
2. To determine the effectiveness of the
simultaneous clean up drive in reducing the amount of
waste along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-
Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan.
15
3. To determine the seriousness of the problems
encountered during the implementation of the simultaneous
clean-up drive along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail
Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and
Mankayan.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study is focus on the implementation of the
simultaneous clean-up drive along Halsema Highway within
the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun,
Buguias and Mankayan.
It determines the level of implementation, the
effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up drive in
reducing the amount of waste along the Mt. Trail Inter-
Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan
and the seriousness of the problems encountered during
its implementation.
Importance of the Study
16
One of the most obvious impacts of rapidly
increasing urbanization and economic development can be
witnessed in the form of masses of solid waste.
With the forging of a Memorandum of Agreement on the
clean-up drive along Halsema highway, the signatories to
it hope to minimize and eventually eradicate the presence
of waste along the road.
The result of this study is hoped to help
authorities and agencies concerned on formulating an
effective plan and strategy on raising public awareness
on the importance and benefits of proper waste disposal
along the highway. Also, it anticipates to give the
proponents of the Memorandum of Agreement an insight on
the proper implementation of the clean up drive and to
serve as a guide to other Inter-Local health Zone
clusters in formulating their own plan on an effective
clean-up drive.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
The 1987 Constitution provides that “the State shall
protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced
17
and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and
harmony of nature.”(Article II, Sec 16)
Cognizant of the fact that the earth’s resources are
finite, generally, it has been increasingly recognized
that natural resources are being dissipated faster than
what it can be replenished naturally and the environment
is deteriorating alarmingly because of the wanton
disposal of wastes and the alteration and the disruption
of ecological cycles. These environmental problems are
the direct result of the growth of human population and
consequently, the growth of economies, then expansion of
human settlements and economic activities, and the drive
for increasing affluence. Indirectly, environmental
problems also arise because of too little awareness and
concern among resource users and inefficient legislation
or inaction amongst the institution that have been
entrusted to protect the integrity of the environment
(Sec.6, Article II, Benguet Environment Code).
In an effort to solve the perennial dumping of
wastes along Halsema Highway and to maintain its
cleanliness, the Provincial Government of Benguet, four
18
local government units within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local
Health Zone, different line agencies and stakeholders
forged a Memorandum of Agreement assigning every second
Friday of the month as the simultaneous clean-up drive
day along the thoroughfare.
The study shows the following paradigm as presented
in Figure 1. The independent variables are the following:
level of implementation of the simultaneous clean-up
drive, level of effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-
up drive in reducing the amount of waste along Halsema
highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of
Atok, Bakun, Buguias, and Mankayan, and degree of
seriousness of the problems encountered during the
implementation of the clean-up drive.
The dependent variable is simultaneous clean-up
drive along Halsema highway. The residents and the
implementers consisting of the personnel from the
Provincial Governor’s Office-Environment and Natural
Resources Office (PGO-ENR), Municipal Environment and
Natural Resources Officers (MENRO), and the Chiefs of
Police are the moderator variables.
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Independent Variables
1. Level of implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive
2. Level of effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up drive in reducing the amount of waste along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias, and Mankayan
3. Degree of seriousness of the problems encountered during the implementation
Dependent Variables
Simultaneous clean-up drive along Halsema Highway
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Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study
CHAPTER 2
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods and procedures to
be used to analyze the implementation of simultaneous
clean-up drive along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail
Moderator Variables
- Implementers
- PGO-ENRO personnel
- MENRO
- Chiefs of Police
- Residents
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Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and
Mankayan.
Research Design
The researcher will make use of the descriptive
design with the normative survey technique as a method to
describe the implementation of the simultaneous clean-up
drive along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-
Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan.
Locale and Time of the Study
The study will be conducted in the Municipalities of
Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan which are the
municipalities traversed by Halsema Highway where the
simultaneous clean-up drive is being implemented. The
study covers the period from May, 2011 to May, 2012.
Population of the Study
The respondents in this study are the following:
personnel from the Provincial Governor’s Office-
Environment and Natural Resources Office, Municipal
Mayors, Municipal Environment and Natural Resources
Officers and Chiefs of Police of the selected
municipalities of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan and
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individuals residing along the stretch of Halsema
Highway.
Table 1. Population of the Study
Location Group/sectorImplementersPGO-ENROpersonnel
Mayors MENRO C.O.P Residents
Atok
12
1 1 1 15
Bakun 1 1 1 5
Buguias 1 1 1 20
Mankayan 1 1 1 8
Total 12 4 4 4 57
Data Gathering Tool
The questionnaire will be the main tool in gathering
data and information from the respondents. It will be a
set of questions administered to respondents to generate
information about a specific situation. A personal
interview will also be conducted to some of the
respondents.
The items in the questionnaire will be based from
the Memorandum of Agreement subject of the clean-up drive
and from the data gathered during the interview.
23
Part I of the questionnaire deals with the personal
data of the respondent and the group where the respondent
belongs. Part II will be on their perceptions on the
level of implementation of the simultaneous clean-up
drive along Halsema highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-
Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias, and Mankayan;
the level of effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up
drive in reducing the amount of waste along Halsema
highway; and the degree of seriousness of problems
encountered during the implementation of the simultaneous
clean-up drive.
Reliability and Validity of the Instruments
Reliability refers to the consistency of test
scores. Validity is the extent to which a test predicts
what it is desired to predict. Spearman rho will be
employed to test the reliability of the instrument per
area. Spearman Brown will be used to test the reliability
coefficient of the whole questionnaire.
Data Gathering Procedures
Prior to the administration of the questionnaire,
permission will be secured from the Honorable Governor of
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Benguet Province, Nestor B. Fongwan, Senior Environment
Management Specialist (SEMS) of the Provincial Governor’s
Office-Environment and Natural Resources Office,
Municipal Mayors from the different locations and the
Provincial Director of the Benguet Provincial Police
Office for authority to conduct the study.
The questionnaire will be personally administered by
the researcher to obtain concrete and honest answer and
also to explain any items not fully understood by the
respondents. This tool will be personally retrieved as
soon as the respondents finished answering the questions.
Treatment of the Data
The data that will be obtained from the
questionnaires will be tallied, tabulated, analyzed,
interpreted and presented using frequencies, and weighted
mean to determine the respondents’ perception on the
implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive.
The following descriptive equivalents in the
different implementation of the simultaneous clean-up
drive along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-
Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan
25
are as follows:
The level of implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive along
Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun,
Buguias and Mankayan
Arbitrary values
Statistical Limit
Descriptive Equivalent
Symbol
4 3.25 – 4.00 Fully Implemented
FI
3 2.50 – 3.24 Implemented I
2 1.75 – 2.49 Slightly Implemented
SI
1 1.00 – 1.74 Not Implemented at all
NI
The level of effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up drive in
reducing the amount of waste along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-
Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan will be likewise
interpreted using the following:
Arbitrary values
Statistical Limit
Descriptive Equivalent
Symbol
4 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Effective
HE
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3 2.50 – 3.24 Effective E
2 1.75 – 2.49 Less Effective
LE
1 1.00 – 1.74 Not Effective at all
NE
Degree of seriousness of the problems encountered
during the implementation of the simultaneous clean-up
drive along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-
Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan
Arbitrary values
Statistical Limit
Descriptive Equivalent
Symbol
4 3.25 – 4.00 Very Serious
VS
3 2.50 – 3.24 Serious S
2 1.75 – 2.49 Less Serious
LS
1 1.00 – 1.74 Not Serious at all
NS
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Statistical Tools
To answer specific problems 1, 2 and 3, weighted
mean will be used. The formula is (Sevilla, 1992):
Xw = Σfx/N
Where: Xw = Weighted Mean
f = Frequency
x = Weight
N = Total number of respondents
To test the reliability of the instrument used in
this study, is Spearman rho (rho)to test the instrument
per area with the formula:
6Σd2 r = 1 - -------
N3 - N2
Spearman Brown will be used to test the reliability
coefficient of the whole questionnaire.
Formula
2(rho) rho = ---------
1 + rho
The t-test will be used to test the significant
difference among the perceptions of the respondents. The
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formula is:
Where,
x1¯ = Mean of first set of values
x2¯ = Mean of second set of values
S1 = Standard deviation of first set of values
S2 = Standard deviation of second set of values
n1 = Total number of values in first set
n2 = Total number of values in second set.
The formula for standard deviation is given by:
Where,
x = Values given
x¯ = Mean
n = Total number of values.
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